Health crisis

A health crisis or public health crisis is a difficult situation or complex health system that affects humans in one or more geographic areas (mainly occurred in natural hazards), from a particular locality to encompass the entire planet. Health crises generally have significant impacts on community health, loss of life, and on the economy. They may result from disease, industrial processes or poor policy.^[1][2]

Its severity is often measured by the number of people affected by its geographical extent, or the disease or death of the pathogenic process which it originates.^[3][4]

Features

Having lost their homes in the earthquake, many Haitians now live in precarious camps.

Generally there are three key components in health crises:^[5]

• Public health problem ^[6]
• Problem health coordination
• Alarm care. Poor communication of risks to the population orgine social upheaval.^[7]

Type

• Environmental
• Food
• Infectious
• Toxic

Examples

Baby born to a mother who had taken thalidomide while pregnant.

Metro of Mexico, passengers are protected against influenza A.

• 1858: Swill milk scandal

• 1905: American meat scandal due to the publishing of Upton Sinclair's book "The Jungle".

• 1963: Birth defects by Thalidomide ^[8]

• 1981: Toxic Oil Syndrome or simply Toxic Syndrome ^[9]

HIV/AIDS ^{[citation needed]}

• 1996: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease ^[10]

• 1998: Doñana disaster, also known as the Aznalcollar Disaster or Guadiamar Disaster ^[11]

• 2001: Anthrax attacks in the United States, also known as Amerithrax ^[12]

• 2002: Prestige oil spill ^[13][14][15]

• 2003: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) ^[16]

• 2004: Avian influenza (H5N1), sometimes avian flu, and commonly bird flu ^[17]

• 2006: Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump ^[18]

Trans fat toxicity ^[19]

• 2007: Lead paint on toys from China ^[20]

• 2008: Canada listeriosis outbreak^[21] and Chile^[22][23][24]

• 2009: Pandemic H1N1/09 Influenza ^[25]

• 2010: Haiti earthquake ^[26]

Bisphenol A, a toxic substance ^[27][28]

• 2011: Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ^[29]

E. coli O104:H4 outbreak^[30]

• 2012: Fraud on breast implants Poly Implant Prothèses (PIP) ^[31][32]

Prevention and control

• Using the health warning systems. A health system responsive to the needs of the population is required to refine the instruments to ensure adequate preparation before their hatching.^[33][34][35]

• Transparency of the institutions public or private. The perception of crisis can escape the control of experts or health institutions, and be determined by stakeholders to provide solutions propagate or concerned. This requires a difficult balancing of the need to articulate clear answers and the little-founded fears.^[36]

• Adequate information policy. Irrationality arise when information is distorted, or hidden. Face a health crisis involves: respect for society, coordination of organizations and an institution with scientific weight to the people and to the media, who acted as spokesman in situations of public health risk, to get confidence citizens. The technical capacity of health professionals is more proven than the public officials, which suggests a greater share of the former and better training of the second.^[37][38][39]

• Evaluate the previous crisis or others experiences. Crises are challenges that must be learned from both the mistakes and successes, since they serve to bring about to the devices and improve the response to other crises. It is important to perform analysis of previous responses, audit risk and vulnerability, research and testing, and drills to prepare themselves against future crises.^[40][41][42]

• Having objectives: "first, to reduce the impact of illness and death, and second, to avoid social fracture".^[43]

• Preparing contingency plans. Preparation is key to the crisis because it allows a strong response, organized, and scientifically based. Action plans must meet the professional early enough and properly trained, and politicians must be consistent in their actions and coordinate all available resources. It is essential to invest in public health resources to prepare preventive measures and reducing health inequalities to minimize the impact of health crises, as they generally always the poorest suffer most.^[44][45]

See also

A reward for information totalling $2.5 million is being offered by the FBI, U.S. Postal Service and ADVO, Inc.

• Crisis theory
• Disease mongering
• Health administration
• Health care
• Health policy
• Medicalization
• National Health Service
• Primary health care
• Routine health outcomes measurement
• Thalidomide

References

Bibliography

• Bashir SA. Home Is Where the Harm Is: Inadequate Housing as a Public Health Crisis. American Journal of Public Health. 2002; 92(5):733-8.
• Gross J. The Next Public Health Crisis: Longevity. The New York Times. 2010/10/21.
• Navarro V. Spain is experiencing a Period of intense Social Crisis. Social Europe Journal. 12/11/2012.

External links

• CDCynergy
• International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (IJISCRAM)
• US Health Crisis