Hawley Harvey Crippen

Hawley Harvey Crippen
Born	(1862-09-11)September 11, 1862 Coldwater, Michigan, US
Died	November 23, 1910(1910-11-23) (aged 48) Pentonville Prison, London
Other names	Dr. Crippen
Occupation	Homeopath
Criminal penalty	Hanging
Spouse(s)	Cora Henrietta Crippen
Motive	Unknown
Conviction(s)	Murder

Hawley Harvey Crippen (September 11, 1862 – November 23, 1910), usually known as Dr. Crippen, was an American homeopath and salesman hanged in Pentonville Prison, London, for the murder of his wife, Cora Henrietta Crippen. He was the first criminal to be captured with the aid of wireless communication.

Brief biography

Crippen was born in Coldwater, Michigan, to Andresse Skinner^[1] (died 1909) and Myron Augustus Crippen^[2] (1827–1910), a merchant.^[3] Crippen graduated from the Michigan School of Homeopathic Medicine in 1884.^[4] Crippen's first wife, Charlotte, died of a stroke in 1892, and Crippen entrusted his parents, living in California, with the care of his two-year-old son, Hawley Otto.^[5]

Having qualified as a homeopath, Crippen started to practise in New York, where in 1894 he married his second wife,^[3] Corrine "Cora" Turner^[6] (stage name: 'Belle Elmore'), born Kunigunde Mackamotski to a German mother and a Polish-Russian father. She was a would-be music hall singer who openly had affairs. In 1894 Crippen started working for Dr. Munyon's, a homeopathic pharmaceutical company. In 1897, Crippen and his wife moved to England.^[3] His US medical qualifications were not sufficient to allow him to practise as a doctor in the UK.^[7] As Crippen continued working as a distributor of patent medicines,^[8] Cora socialised with a number of famous variety players of the time, including Lil Hawthorne of "The Hawthorne Sisters" and Lil's husband/manager John Nash.^[9]

Crippen was sacked by Munyon's in 1899 for spending too much time managing his wife's stage career. He became manager of Drouet's Institution for the Deaf, where he met Ethel Le Neve, a young typist, around 1903.^[3] After living at various addresses in London, the Crippens finally moved in 1905 to 39 Hilldrop Crescent, Camden Road, Holloway, London, where they took in lodgers to augment Crippen's meagre income. Cora cuckolded Crippen with one of these lodgers, and in turn Crippen took Le Neve as his mistress in 1908.^[3]

Murder and aftermath

After a party at their home on January 31, 1910, Cora disappeared. Hawley Crippen claimed that she had returned to the US, and later added that she had died, and had been cremated, in California. Meanwhile, his lover, Ethel "Le Neve" Neave, moved into Hilldrop Crescent and began openly wearing Cora's clothes and jewellery.

Police first heard of Cora's disappearance from her friend, strongwoman Kate Williams, better known as Vulcana,^[10] but began to take the matter more seriously when asked to investigate by a personal friend of Scotland Yard Superintendent Frank Froest, John Nash and his entertainer wife, Lil Hawthorne.^[11] The house was searched, but nothing was found, and Crippen was interviewed by Chief Inspector Walter Dew. After the interview (and a quick search of the house), Dew was satisfied. However, Crippen and Le Neve did not know this and fled in panic to Brussels, where they spent the night at a hotel. The following day, they went to Antwerp and boarded the Canadian Pacific liner SS Montrose for Canada.

Transatlantic arrest

Their disappearance led the police at Scotland Yard to perform another three searches of the house. During the fourth and final search, they found the remains of a human body, buried under the brick floor of the basement. Sir Bernard Spilsbury found traces of the calming drug scopolamine. The corpse was identified by a piece of skin from its abdomen; the head, limbs, and skeleton were never recovered.

Meanwhile, Crippen and Le Neve were crossing the Atlantic on the Montrose, with Le Neve disguised as a boy. Captain Henry George Kendall recognized the fugitives and, just before steaming out of range of the land-based transmitters, had Telegraphist Lawrence Ernest Hughes send a wireless telegram to the British authorities: "Have strong suspicions that Crippen London cellar murderer and accomplice are among saloon passengers. Mustache taken off growing beard. Accomplice dressed as boy. Manner and build undoubtedly a girl." Had Crippen travelled 3rd class, he probably would have escaped Kendall's notice. Dew boarded a faster White Star liner, the SS Laurentic, arrived in Quebec, Canada, ahead of Crippen, and contacted the Canadian authorities.

As the Montrose entered the St. Lawrence River, Dew came aboard disguised as a pilot. Canada was then still a dominion within the British Empire. If Crippen, an American citizen, had sailed to the United States instead, even if he had been recognized, it would have taken extradition proceedings to bring him to trial. Kendall invited Crippen to meet the pilots as they came aboard. Dew removed his pilot's cap and said, "Good morning, Dr. Crippen. Do you know me? I'm Chief Inspector Dew from Scotland Yard." After a pause, Crippen replied, "Thank God it's over. The suspense has been too great. I couldn't stand it any longer." He then held out his wrists for the handcuffs. Crippen and Le Neve were arrested on board the Montrose on July 31, 1910. Crippen was returned to England on board the SS Megantic.^[12]

The Crippen murder was featured in a popular song:

Dr. Crippen killed Belle Elmore

Ran away with Miss le Neve

Right across the ocean blue

Followed by Inspector Dew

Ship's ahoy, naughty boy!

Trial and execution

Crippen and le Neve were tried separately at the London assizes, held at the Central Criminal Court, Old Bailey, London; Crippen's trial took place from 18 to 22 October and Ethel le Neve's on 25 October 1910.^[3]

The pathologists appearing for the prosecution, including Bernard Spilsbury, could not identify the remains or even discern whether they were male or female. However, Spilsbury found a piece of skin with what he claimed to be an abdominal scar consistent with Cora's medical history.^[7][13] Large quantities of the toxic compound hyoscine were found in the remains, and Crippen had bought the drug before the murder from a local chemist.

Crippen's defence maintained that Cora had fled to America with another man named Bruce Miller and that Cora and Hawley had been living at the house since only 1905, suggesting a previous owner of the house was responsible for the placement of the remains. The defence asserted that the abdominal scar identified by pathologist Spilsbury was really just folded tissue, for among other things, it had hair follicles growing from it, something scar tissue could not have;^[14] Spilsbury noted that the sebaceous glands appeared at the ends but not in the middle of the scar.^[7]

Other evidence presented by the prosecution included a piece of a man's pyjama top supposedly from a pair Cora had given Crippen a year earlier. The pyjama bottoms were found in Crippen's bedroom, but not the top. The fragment included the manufacturer's label Jones Bros. Curlers with bleached hair consistent with Cora's; both were found with the remains.^[15] Testimony from a Jones Bros. representative, the store that the pyjama top fragment came from, stated that the product was not sold prior to 1908, thus placing the date of manufacture well within the time period of when the Crippens occupied the house and when Cora gave the garment to Hawley the year before in 1909.^[14]

Throughout the proceedings and at his sentencing, Crippen showed no remorse for his wife and concern for only his lover's reputation. After just 27 minutes of deliberations, the jury found Crippen guilty of murder. He was hanged by John Ellis, assisted by William Willis,^[16][17] at 9 a.m. on November 23, 1910 at Pentonville Prison, London.^[3]

Le Neve was charged only with being an accessory after the fact and acquitted.^[3] She emigrated to the United States on the morning of her lover's execution. At his request, her photograph was placed in his coffin and buried with him.

Although Crippen's grave in the prison grounds is not marked by a stone, tradition has it that soon after his burial, a rose bush was planted over it. Some of his relatives in Michigan have begun lobbying for his remains to be repatriated to the United States.^[14]

Possible motives for the murder

A theory which was first propounded by Edward Marshall Hall was that Crippen was using hyoscine on his wife as a depressant or anaphrodisiac, but accidentally gave her an overdose and then panicked when she died.^[7] It is said that Hall declined to lead Crippen's defence because another theory was to be propounded.^[18]

In 1981, newspapers reported that Sir Hugh Rhys Rankin claimed to have met Ethel Le Neve in 1930 in Australia and that on that occasion, she told him that Crippen murdered his wife because she had syphilis.^[19]

Doubts regarding the verdict

Whether Crippen murdered his wife has been disputed.

The novelist Raymond Chandler commented that it seemed unbelievable that Crippen would successfully dispose of his wife's limbs and head, and then, rather stupidly, bury her torso under the cellar floor of his home.

Dornford Yates, a novelist who was a junior barrister at the trial, records that the remains were placed in lime so that they would be destroyed, but suggests that Crippen failed to realise that while dry quicklime destroys, if water is added, it becomes slaked lime and preserves. Yates used this fact in the plot of his novel The House That Berry Built and told the story of the trial from his viewpoint in his memoirs As Berry and I Were Saying.

Controversial new evidence

In October 2007, Michigan State University forensic scientist David Foran claimed that mitochondrial DNA evidence showed that the remains found beneath the cellar floor in Crippen's home were not those of Cora Crippen.^[20] This research was based on genealogical identification of three alleged matrilineal relatives of Cora Crippen (great-nieces, located by U.S. genealogist Beth Wills), whose mitochondrial DNA haplotype was compared with DNA extracted from a slide with flesh taken from the torso in Crippen's cellar. This has raised new questions about the identity of the remains found in the cellar, and – by extension – over Crippen's guilt.

One theory is that Crippen may have been carrying out illegal abortions; it may be that one of his patients died and that he disposed of the body in the way he was accused of disposing of his wife.^[21] However, the remains were also tested for sex at Michigan State, using a highly sensitive assay of the Y chromosome. On this basis, the researchers found that the body parts were those of a man.

The research team also argued that a scar on the abdomen of the body, which the Crown Prosecution interpreted as a scar consistent with one Mrs. Crippen was known to have, convincing the jury that the remains were Mrs. Crippen’s, was incorrectly identified, due to the tissue's having hair follicles, whereas scars do not (a point which Crippen's defence argued at the time).^[20]

These recent arguments for Crippen's innocence have been disputed by some commentators.^[22][23] It has been argued that the DNA sample could have been tainted or mislabelled, or alternatively that the alleged relatives were not actually blood relatives of Mrs. Crippen. The research has since been published in the January 2011 issue of the Journal of Forensic Sciences.

In a sceptical review of the new evidence, David Aaronovitch has written: "As to the body being male, well the American team was using a 'special technique' that is 'very new' and 'done only by this team' and working on a single, century-old slide, described by the team leader as a 'less than optimal sample'".^[23] However, Foran stated in an interview, "There was a lot more DNA work than what is portrayed in the film. Those tests showed unequivocally that the remains were male".^[14]

John Trestrail had previously requested New Scotland Yard to provide samples of the blonde hair found in curlers at the scene (and now preserved in New Scotland Yard's museum) to conduct DNA testing to see if they are Cora's. New Scotland Yard has repeatedly denied his request.^[14] However, New Scotland Yard was willing to test a hair from the crime scene for a fee, which in turn was rejected by the investigators as "over the top."^[14]

Trestrail has hypothesized that the police planted the body parts and particularly the fragment of the pyjama top at the scene to incriminate Crippen. He suggests that Scotland Yard was under tremendous public pressure to find and bring to trial a suspect for this heinous crime. An independent observer points out that the case did not become public until after the remains were found.^[14]

In December 2009 the Criminal Cases Review Commission, having reviewed the case, declared that the court of appeal will not hear the case to pardon Crippen posthumously.

See also

• Michael Swango
• Dorothea Waddingham
• John George Haigh – the 'Acid Bath Murderer' and also Plymouth Brethren member

Media adaptations

• The murder inspired Arthur Machen's 1927 short story "The Islington Mystery" which in turn was adapted as the 1960 Mexican film El Esqueleto de la señora Morales.
• It is thought to have inspired the 1935 novel, We, the Accused, by Ernest Raymond.
• The German 1942 feature film Dr. Crippen an Bord stars Rudolf Fernau in the title role.
• The story of Dr. Crippen is retold in the Act 1 finale of the 1943 Broadway musical One Touch of Venus.
• A German sequel of Dr. Crippen an Bord was named Dr. Crippen lebt (1957).
• The 1961 Wolf Mankowitz musical Belle at the Strand Theatre in London was based on the case.
• The British 1962 feature film Dr. Crippen stars Donald Pleasence in the title role.
• The British 1968 film Negatives features Peter McEnery and Glenda Jackson as a couple whose erotic fantasies involve dressing up as Crippen and Ethel le Neve.
• The 1981 TV series Lady Killers episode "Miss Elmore" covers the case.
• The 1989 BBC series Shadow of the Noose, about the life of barrister Edward Marshall Hall, included what is portrayed as an abortive attempt on Hall's part to defend Crippen (played by David Hatton).
• The American TV series Ironside presented an episode (Season 2, Episode 16, January 23, 1969: Why the Tuesday Afternoon Bridge Club Met on Thursday) in which a neurotic man assumed Dr. Crippen's identity and committed a similar murder.
• John Boyne wrote the 2004 novel Crippen – A Novel of Murder.
• Erik Larson's 2006 book Thunderstruck interwove the story of the murder with the history of Guglielmo Marconi's invention of radio.
• Martin Edwards wrote the 2008 novel Dancing for the Hangman which re-interprets the case while seeking to adhere to the established evidence.

In Popular Culture

• In the BBC sitcom Coupling pilot episode, Steve references the Crippen case while trying to break up with his girlfriend Jane.

Steve: Some relationships are supposed to end. There are some relationships the world is better off without. Remember Crippen?

Jane: Here we go, bring up Crippen again. You seem to forget Steve, the Crippens enjoyed many happy years of marriage before he murdered her.

Steve: Please listen to me!

Jane: They didn’t give up straight away; they worked at it that’s the real lesson of the Crippens.

Steve: He killed her and was hanged for her murder.

Jane: Well yes, eventually.

• In Blackadder Goes Forth the title role attacks King and Country magazine as being "about as convincing as Doctor Crippen's defence lawyer"

• In A Fantastic Fear of Everything; when British author Jack's literary agent sets up a meeting between him and an American named Harvey Humphries Jack's paranoia leads him to believe he is really Dr. Crippen come back to kill him, based on the shared name and nationality. When Mr. Humphries appears on screen he is the spitting image of Dr. Crippen.

• In Anthony Horowitz's novel Return to Groosham Grange, the main character David Elliot, on a practical exam, is escaping back to the wizard's school Groosham Grange from London. On the way out of the city the antagonist, a Voodoo teacher named Mr Helliwell, animates all the waxworks in Madame Tussaud's. They all come to life and walk like zombies, trying to capture David. As well, they talk and reveal who they all are. Dr Crippen is one of the waxworks and he climbs over a bank at David and pretends he is innocent, saying he is a doctor, and he then says he is Dr Crippen, and David knows who he is.

• In the song "Coffee Homeground," when Kate Bush sings, "Pictures of Crippen lipstick smeared," she implies that Hawley Crippen is somewhat of an idol to the song's Arsenic and Old Lace-esque murderesses.

References

• Connell, Nicholas (2005). Walter Dew; The Man Who Caught Crippen. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3803-X. 
• Cullen, Tom (1977). The Mild Murderer: The True Story of the Dr. Crippen Case. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-25776-X. 
• Goodman, Jonathan, ed. (1985). The Crippen File. London, New York: Allison & Busby, Ltd. ISBN 0-85031-636-7. 
• Gaute, J.H.H.; Odell, Robin (1996). The New Murderer's Who's Who. London: Harrap Books. ISBN 0-245-54639-1. 
• Larson, Erik (2006). Thunderstruck. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4000-8067-0. 
• Saward, Joe (2010). The Man who Caught Crippen. Paris: Morienval Press. ISBN 978-0-9554868-1-4. 
• The World's Most Infamous Crimes and Criminals. New York: Gallery Books. 1987. ISBN 0-8317-9677-4. OCLC 17304744. 
• "Crippen, Hawley Harvey". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39420.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)

Footnotes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hawley Harvey Crippen.

• Death in the Family: Dr. Hawley Harvey Crippen at the truTV Crime Library
• Dr. Crippen: One Night In Camden
• "Crippen mystery remains despite DNA claim". BBC News. October 18, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2008.  *Witness statements and edited proceeding from records held at The Old Bailey Retrieved: May 1, 2008
• William Le Queux (May 1930). "The Girl, the Doctor—and the Missing Wife". True Detective Mysteries. Retrieved January 25, 2014. 

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 11234791 LCCN: n83317540 ISNI: 0000 0000 8197 4755

Persondata
Name	Crippen, Hawley Harvey
Alternative names
Short description	American physician, salesman, murderer
Date of birth	September 11, 1862
Place of birth	Coldwater, Michigan, US
Date of death	November 23, 1910
Place of death	Pentonville Prison, London, UK