Haplogroup R-M207

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Haplogroup R-M207
Possible time of origin	26,800 (24,000 - 34,300) years ago (Karafet 2008)
Possible place of origin	Central Asia or South Asia
Ancestor	P-M45
Descendants	Paragroup R-M207, R-M173, R-M479
Defining mutations	R = M207 (UTY2), P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S8, S9 and V45 (ISOGG 2010)

In molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in all haplotypes. Haplogroup R-M207 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It marks a major split in paleolithic lineages some descendant lines are common throughout Europe, Central Asia and South Asia, and also common in parts of the West Asia and Africa. Others are primarily from West Asia and South Asia. This line is a descendant of haplogroup P-M45.

Origins

This haplogroup is believed to have arisen around 20,000-34,000 years ago (Karafet 2008), somewhere in Central Asia or South Asia, where its ancestor Haplogroup P-M45 is most often found at polymorphic frequencies (Wells 2001). Haplogroup R has been proven by ancient DNA to be at least 24,000 years old (R* near Lake Baikal)

The two currently defined subclades are R-M173 and R-M479. Haplogroup R-M173 is estimated to have arisen during the height of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), about 18,500 years ago, most likely in southwestern Asia (Underhill 2009).

Distribution

Y-haplogroup R-M207 is found throughout all continents, but is fairly common throughout Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. Small frequencies are found in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Indigenous Australians (Kayser 2003). It also occurs in Caucasus, Near East, West China, Siberia and some parts of Africa.^{[citation needed]}

Subclade distribution

Paragroup R-M207

Haplogroup R* y-dna (xR1,R2) was found in 23,000 year old remains from Mal'ta in Siberia near Lake Baikal The area that the Mal'ta boy was buried is now inhabited by Russians, and several hundred years ago it was inhabited by Buryats, who have a very low frequency of haplogroup R.. But, ancient Mal'ta dna sugggests haplogroup R could have begun in Siberia or Europe .

R-M173

Spread of Haplogroup R-M173 in Native populations.

R-M173 is common throughout Europe and western Eurasia and was historically known as R1. It has many branches (Semino 2000 and Rosser 2000).

In the Americas, it is not a pre-Columbian founding lineage. The presence of R-M173 in the Americas is probably partly or wholly the result of Eurasian admixture (Malhi 2008 and Lell 2002). However, it is the second most common haplogroup in Indigenous peoples of the Americas following haplogroup Q-M242, and spreads specially in Algonquian peoples from United States and Canada (Malhi 2008).

R-M479

Main article: Haplogroup R-M479

Haplogroup R-M479 is defined by the presence of the marker M479. The paragroup for the R-M479 lineage is found in Pakistan North, Lisbon (Portugal), Sevilla (Andalusia, Spain), Tatars (Bashkortostan, Russia), Italy North, and Osetins South (South Caucasus) (Myres 2010).

Phylogenetic trees

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup R-M207. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas.

The Genomic Research Center draft tree

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup R-M207. The first three levels of subclades are shown. Additional detail is provided on the linked branch article pages (Krahn 2012).

P-M45
- R-M207 M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, L1031
  - R-M173 M173, M306, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238, P241, P242, P245, P286, P294
  - R-M479 M479

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups
Minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome (version 4-Dec-13)^{[n 1]}
	MRC Y-ancestor
	A00	A0'1'2'3'4
	A0	A1'2'3'4
	A1	A2'3'4
	A2'3	A4=BCDEF
	A2	A3	B	CDEF
	DE	CF
	D	E	C	F
	GHIJKLT
	G	HIJKLT
	H	IJKLT
	IJ	KLT
	I	J	LT	K
	L	T	MP	X	S
	M	P	NO
	Q	R	N	O
Y-DNA by populations Famous Y-DNA haplotypes
↑ van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2013). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

References

Myres (2010). A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe.

Lell (2002). The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American. doi:10.1086/338457.

Malhi (2008). Distribution of Y Chromosomes Among Native North Americans: A Study of Athapaskan Population History.

Kivisild, T., Rootsi, S, Metspalu, M, Mastana, S, Kaldma, K, Parik, J, Metspalu, E, Adojaan, M et al. (2003). "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations". American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2): 313–332. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

Wells. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity.

Underhill, Peter A; Myres, Natalie M; Rootsi, Siiri; Metspalu, Mait; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; King, Roy J; Lin, Alice A; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T et al. (2009). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (4): 479–84. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

Kivisild (2003). The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations.

The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-691-08750-4.

Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (May 2008). "New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help). Published online April 2, 2008. See also Supplementary Material.

Semino; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P et al. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans" (PDF). Science 290 (5494): 1155–9. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

Wells; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Underhill, PA; Evseeva, I; Blue-Smith, J; Jin, L; Su, B et al. (2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity" (PDF). PNAS 98 (18): 10244–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

Passarino; Cavalleri, GL; Lin, AA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Børresen-Dale, AL; Underhill, PA (2002). "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10 (9): 521–9. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834. PMID 12173029.

Behar; Thomas, MG; Skorecki, K; Hammer, MF; Bulygina, E; Rosengarten, D; Jones, AL; Held, K et al. (2003). "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" (– ^{Scholar search}). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (4): 768–779. doi:10.1086/378506. PMC 1180600. PMID 13680527. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

Anjana, Saha, Swarkar, Sharma, Audesh, Bhat, Awadesh, Pandit, Ramesh, Bamezai (2005). "Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow". J Hum Genet 50 (1): 49–51. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0219-3. PMID 15611834.

Sengupta; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, R; Mehdi, SQ; Edmonds, CA; Chow, CE; Lin, AA; Mitra, M et al. (2005). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

Cinnioglu (2004). Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia.

Underhill, Peter A; Myres, NM; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, RJ; Lin, AA; Chow, CE et al. (2009). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (4): 479–84. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

Kayser, M; Brauer, S; Weiss, G; Schiefenhövel, W; Underhill, P; Shen, P; Oefner, P; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M et al. (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283. |displayauthors= suggested (help)

Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (1): 121–126. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.

Krahn, Thomas. "FTDNA Draft Y-DNA Tree (AKA YTree)". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 2012.

External links

Discussion and projects

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