| Haplogroup I |
| Possible time of origin |
20,857 ± 3,594 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
West Asia (Terreros 2011 and Fernandes 2012) |
| Ancestor |
N1e'I |
| Descendants | I1, I2'3, I4, I5, I6 |
|---|
| Defining mutations |
T10034C, G16129A!, G16391A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
In human population genetics, mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplogroups define the major lineages of direct maternal (female) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a predominately Eurasian lineage.
Origin
Haplogroup I is a descendant (subclade) of haplogroup N1e'I (Behar 2012b) and sibling of haplogroup N1e (Behar 2012b). It is believed to have arisen somewhere in Eurasia between 17,263 and 24,451 years before present (Behar 2012b). It has been suggested that its origin may be in Iran or more generally the Near East (Terreros 2011).
It is noteworthy that, with the exception of its northern neighbor Azerbaijan, Iran is the only population in which haplogroup I exhibits polymorphic levels. Also, a contour plot based on the regional phylogeographic distribution of the I haplogroup exhibits frequency clines consistent with an Iranian cradle... Moreover, when compared with other populations in the region, those from the Levant (Iraq, Syria and Palestine) and the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and UAE) exhibit significantly lower proportions of I individuals... It should be noted that this haplogroup has been detected in European groups (Krk, a tiny island off the coast of Croatia (11.3%), and Lemko, an isolate from the Carpathian Highlands (11.3%)) at comparable frequencies to those observed in the North Iranian population. However, the higher frequencies of the haplogroup within Europe are found in geographical isolates and are likely the result of founder effects and/or drift... it is plausible that the high levels of haplogroup I present in Iran may be the result of a localized enrichment through the action of genetic drift or may signal geographical proximity to the location of origin.
Terreros 2011
A similar view puts more emphasis on the Persian Gulf region of the Near East (Fernandes 2012).
Haplogroup I ... dates to ∼25 ka ago and is overall most frequent in Europe..., but the facts that it has a frequency peak in the Gulf region and that its highest diversity values are in the Gulf, Anatolia, and southeast Europe suggest that its origin is most likely in the Near East and/or Arabia...
Fernandes 2012
Distribution
Haplogroup I is found at very low frequencies (generally < 3%) throughout Europe, West Asia and South Asia (Fernandes 2012).
Africa
Outside of Europe, the highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic-speaking El Molo (23%) and Rendille (>17%) in northern Kenya (Castrì 2008).
| Population |
Location |
Language Family |
N |
Frequency |
Source |
|---|
| Amhara | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 1/120 | 0.83% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Beta Israel | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/29 | 0.00% | Behar 2008a |
| Dawro Konta | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Omotic | 0/137 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Ethiopia | Ethiopia | Undetermined | 0/77 | 0.00% | Soares 2011 |
| Ethiopian Jews | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/41 | 0.00% | Non 2011 |
| Gurage | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 1/21 | 4.76% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Hamer | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Omotic | 0/11 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Ongota | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/19 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Oromo | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/33 | 0.00% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Tigrai | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 0/44 | 0.00% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Daasanach | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/49 | 0.00% | Poloni 2009 |
| Elmolo | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 12/52 | 23.08% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Kikuyu | Kenya | Niger-Congo | 0/25 | 0.00% | Watson 1997 |
| Luo | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/49 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Maasai | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/81 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Nairobi | Kenya | Niger-Congo | 0/100 | 0.00% | Brandstatter 2004 |
| Nyangatom | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 1/112 | 0.89% | Poloni 2009 |
| Rendille | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 3/17 | 17.65% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Samburu | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 3/35 | 8.57% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Turkana | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/51 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Turkana | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 1/47 | 2.13% | Poloni 2009 and Watson & 1997 |
| Hutu | Rwanda | Niger-Congo | 0/42 | 0.00% | Castrì 2009 |
| Somali | Somalia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 3/163 | 1.84% | Soares 2011 and Watson 1997 |
| Dinka | Sudan | Nilo-Saharan | 0/46 | 0.00% | Krings 1999 |
| Sudan | Sudan | Undetermined | 0/102 | 0.00% | Soares 2011 |
| Burunge | Tanzania | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 1/38 | 2.63% | Tishkoff 2007 |
| Datoga | Tanzania | Nilo-Saharan | 0/57 | 0.00% | Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003 |
| Iraqw | Tanzania | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/12 | 0.00% | Knight 2003 |
| Sukuma | Tanzania | Niger-Congo | 0/32 | 0.00% | Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003 |
| Turu | Tanzania | Niger-Congo | 0/29 | 0.00% | Tishkoff 2007 |
| Yemeni | Yemen | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 0/114 | 0.00% | Kivisild 2004 |
|
Asia
Haplogroup I is present across West Asia, Central Asia, and at trace frequencies in South Asia. Its highest frequency is perhaps in northern Iran (9.7%). Terreros 2011 notes that it also has high diversity there and reiterates past studies that have suggested that this may be its place of origin. Found in Svan population from Georgia(Caucasus) I* 4.2%.[citation needed] The table below shows some of the populations where it has been detected.
| Population |
Language Family |
N |
Frequency |
Source |
|---|
| Baluch | Indo-European | 0/39 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Brahui | Dravidian | 0/38 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Caucasus (Georgia)* | Caucasian | 1/58 | 1.80% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Druze | - | 11/311 | 3.54% | Shlush 2008 |
| Gilaki | Indo-European | 0/37 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Gujarati | Indo-European | 0/34 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Hazara | Indo-European | 0/23 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Hunza Burusho | Isolate | 2/44 | 4.50% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| India | - | 8/2544 | 0.30% | Metspalu 2004 |
| Iran (North) | - | 3/31 | 9.70% | Terreros 2011 |
| Iran (South) | - | 2/117 | 1.70% | Terreros 2011 |
| Kalash | Indo-European | 0/44 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Kurdish (Western Iran) | Indo-European | 1/20 | 5.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Kurdish (Turkmenistan) | Indo-European | 1/32 | 3.10% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Lur | Indo-European | 0/17 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Makrani | Indo-European | 0/33 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Mazandarian | Indo-European | 1/21 | 4.80% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Pakistani | Indo-European | 0/100 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Pakistan | - | 1/145 | 0.69% | Metspalu 2004 |
| Parsi | Indo-European | 0/44 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Pathan | Indo-European | 1/44 | 2.30% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Persian | Indo-European | 1/42 | 2.40% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Shugnan | Indo-European | 1/44 | 2.30% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Sindhi | Indo-European | 1/23 | 8.70% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Turkish (Azerbaijan) | Altaic | 2/40 | 5.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Turkish (Anatolia)* | Altaic | 1/50 | 2.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Turkmen | Altaic | 0/41 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Uzbek | Altaic | 0/42 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
|
Europe
Western Europe
In Western Europe, haplogroup I is most common in Northwestern Europe (Norway,[citation needed] the Isle of Skye, and the British Isles). The frequency in these areas is between 2 and 5 percent. Its highest frequency in Brittany, France where it is over 9 percent of the population in Finistere. It is uncommon and sometimes absent in other parts of Western Europe (Iberia, Sweden, South-West France, and parts of Italy).
| Population |
Language |
N |
Frequency |
Source |
| Austria/Switzerland | - | 4/187 | 2.14% | Helgason 2001 |
| Basque (Admix Zone) | Basque/Labourdin côtier-haut navarrais | 0/56 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Araba) | Basque/Occidental | 0/55 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Bizkaia) | Basque/Biscayen | 1/59 | 1.69% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Central/Western Navarre ) | Basque/Haut-navarrais méridional | 2/63 | 3.17% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Gipuskoa) | Basque/Gipuzkoan | 0/57 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Navarre Labourdin) | Basque/Bas-navarrais | 0/68 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (North/Western Navarre) | Basque/Haut-navarrais septentrional | 0/51 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Roncal) | Basque/Roncalais-salazarais | 0/55 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Soule) | Basque/Souletin | 0/62 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (South/Western Gipuskoa) | Basque/Biscayen | 0/64 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Béarn | French | 0/51 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Bigorre | French | 0/44 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Burgos | Spanish | 0/25 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Cantabria | Spanish | 0/18 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Chalosse | French | 0/58 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Denmark | - | 6/105 | 5.71% | Mikkelsen 2010 |
| England/Wales | - | 12/429 | 3.03% | Helgason 2001 |
| Finland | - | 1/49 | 2.04% | Torroni 1996 |
| Finland/Estonia | - | 5/202 | 2.48% | Helgason 2001 |
| France (Finistere) | - | 2/22 | 9.10% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Morbihan) | - | 0/40 | 0.00% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Normandy) | - | 0/39 | 0.00% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Périgord-Limousin) | - | 2/72 | 2.80% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Var) | - | 2/37 | 5.40% | Dubut 2003 |
| France/Italy | - | 2/248 | 0.81% | Helgason 2001 |
| Germany | - | 12/527 | 2.28% | Helgason 2001 |
| Iceland | - | 21/467 | 4.71% | Helgason 2001 |
| Ireland | - | 3/128 | 2.34% | Helgason 2001 |
| Italy (Tuscany) | - | 2/48 | 4.20% | Torroni 1996 |
| La Rioja | Spanish | 1/51 | 1.96% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| North Aragon | Spanish | 0/26 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Orkney | - | 5/152 | 3.29% | Helgason 2001 |
| Saami | - | 0/176 | 0.00% | Helgason 2001 |
| Scandinavia | - | 12/645 | 1.86% | Helgason 2001 |
| Scotland | - | 39/891 | 4.38% | Helgason 2001 |
| Spain/Portugal | - | 2/352 | 0.57% | Helgason 2001 |
| Sweden | - | 0/37 | 0.00% | Torroni 1996 |
| Western Bizkaia | Spanish | 0/18 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Western Isles/Isle of Skye | - | 15/246 | 6.50% | Helgason 2001 |
|
Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe, the frequency of haplogroup I is generally lower than in Western Europe (1 to 3 percent), but its frequency is more consistent between populations with fewer places of extreme highs or lows. There are two notable exceptions. Nikitin 2009 found that Lemkos (a sub- or co-ethnic group of Rusyns) in the Carpathian mountains have the "highest frequency of haplogroup I (11.3%) in Europe, identical to that of the population of Krk Island (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea".[Footnote 1][Footnote 2]
| Population |
N |
Frequency |
Source |
| Boyko | 0/20 | 0.00% | Nikitin 2009 |
| Hutsul | 0/38 | 0.00% | Nikitin 2009 |
| Lemko | 6/53 | 11.32% | Nikitin 2009 |
| Belorussians | 2/92 | 2.17% | Belyaeva 2003 |
| Russia (European) | 3/215 | 1.40% | Helgason 2001 |
| Romanians (Constanta) | 59 | 0.00% | Bosch 2006 |
| Romanians (Ploiesti) | 46 | 2.17% | Bosch 2006 |
| Russia | 1/50 | 2.0% | Malyarchuk 2001 |
| Ukraine | 0/18 | 0.00% | Malyarchuk 2001 |
| Croatia (Mainland) | 4/277 | 1.44% | Pericic 2005 |
| Croatia (Krk) | 15/133 | 11.28% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Croatia (Brac) | 1/105 | 0.95% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Croatia (Hvar) | 2/108 | 1.9% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Croatia (Korcula) | 1/98 | 1% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Herzegovinians | 1/130 | 0.8% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Bosnians | 6/247 | 2.4% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Serbians | 4/117 | 3.4% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Macedonians | 2/146 | 1.4% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Macedonian Romani | 7/153 | 4.6% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Slovenians | 2/104 | 1.92% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Bosnians | 4/144 | 2.78% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Poles | 8/436 | 1.83% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Russians | 5/201 | 2.49% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Bulgaria/Turkey | 2/102 | 1.96% | Helgason 2001 |
|
Historic and Pre-Historic Samples
| Populations |
N |
Frequency |
Source |
|---|
Roman Iron Age sites
Bøgebjerggård (AD 1–400)
Simonsborg (AD 1–200)
Skovgaarde (AD 200–400) |
3/24 |
12.5% |
Melchior 2008a, Hofreiter 2010 |
Viking Age burial sites
Galgedil (AD 1000)
Christian cemetery Kongemarken (AD 1000–1250)
medieval cemetery Riisby (AD 1250–1450) |
4/29 |
13.79% |
Melchior 2008, Hofreiter 2010 |
Anglo-Saxon burial sites
Leicester:6
Lavington:6
Buckland:7
Norton:12
Norwich:17 |
1/48 |
2.08% |
Töpf 2006 |
Haplogroup I has so far been absent from ancient European samples found in Paleolithic and Mesolithic grave sites. However, early examples have been found in Neolithic Spain (c. 5000 cal BC in Paternanbidea) and in Corded Ware and Unetice Culture burials in Saxony (Brandt 2013). It has been noted at significant frequencies in more recent historic grave sites (Melchior 2008 and Hofreiter 2010).
We have previously observed a high frequency of Hg I's among Iron Age villagers (Bøgebjerggård) and individuals from the early Christian cemetery, Kongemarken [16], [17]. This trend was also found for the additional sites reported here, Simonsborg, Galgedil and Riisby. The overall frequency of Hg I among the individuals from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age is 13% (7/53) compared to 2.5% for modern Danes [35]. The higher frequencies of Hg I can not be ascribed to maternal kinship, since only two individuals share the same common motif (K2 and K7 at Kongemarken). Except for Skovgaarde (no Hg I's observed) frequencies range between 9% and 29% and there seems to be no trend in relation to time. No Hg I's were observed at the Neolithic Damsbo and the Bronze Age site Bredtoftegård, where all three individuals harboured Hg U4 or Hg U5a (Table 1).
Hofreiter 2010
The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Medieval age. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples. As haplogroup I is not observed in any ancient Italian, Spanish [contradicted by the above, "early examples have been found in Neolithic Spain (c. 5000 cal BC in Paternanbidea)"], British, central European populations, early central European farmers and Neolithic samples, according to the authors "Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type “diluted” by later immigration events" (Hofreiter 2010).
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades with time estimates is based on the paper (van Oven 2008) and subsequent published research (Behar 2012b).
| Hg (April 2012) |
Time estimate (years) |
SD (years) |
| N1eI | 28'881 | 6'095 |
| I | 20'857 | 3'594 |
| I1 | 15'231 | 3'402 |
| I1a | 11'726 | 3'306 |
| I1a1 | 5'294 | 2'134 |
| I1a1a | 3'327 | 2'720 |
| I1a1b | 2'608 | 2'973 |
| I1a1c | 1'523 | 3'384 |
| I1a1d | 1'892 | 1'863 |
| I1b | 11'135 | 4'818 |
| I1c | 8'216 | 3'787 |
| I2-3 | 11'308 | 4'154 |
| I2 | 6'387 | 2'449 |
| I2a | 3'771 | 2'143 |
| I2a1 | 2'986 | 1'968 |
| I2b | 1'267 | 4'539 |
| I2c | 2'268 | 2'693 |
| I2d | 3'828 | 3'795 |
| I2e | 2'936 | 3'454 |
| I3 | 8'679 | 3'410 |
| I3a | 6'091 | 3'262 |
| I3a1 | 5'070 | 3'017 |
| I3b | 5'596 | 3'629 |
| I4 | 14'913 | 5'955 |
| I4a | 2'124 | 6'113 |
| I5 | 18'806 | 4'005 |
| I5a | 15'116 | 4'128 |
| I5a1 | 11'062 | 4'661 |
| I6 | - | - |
| I6a | - | - |
Distribution
I1
| Haplogroup I1 |
| Possible time of origin |
15,231 ± 3,402 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I |
| Defining mutations |
455.1T, G6734A, G9966A, T16311C! (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
| JQ702472 | | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702567 | Germany | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704077 | Germany | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705190 | | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705840 | | Behar 2012b |
I1a
| Haplogroup I1a |
| Possible time of origin |
11,726 ± 3,306 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1 |
| Defining mutations |
T152C!, G207A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1
| Haplogroup I1a1 |
| Possible time of origin |
5,294 ± 2,134 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a |
| Defining mutations |
G203A, C3990T, G9947A, A9966G!, T10915C! (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1a
| Haplogroup I1a1a |
| Possible time of origin |
3,327 ± 2,720 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a1 |
| Defining mutations |
G9053A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1b
| Haplogroup I1a1b |
| Possible time of origin |
2,608 ± 2,973 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a1 |
| Defining mutations |
T14182C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1c
| Haplogroup I1a1c |
| Possible time of origin |
About 1,523 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a1 |
| Defining mutations |
T6620C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1d
| Haplogroup I1a1d |
| Possible time of origin |
About 1,892 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1a1 |
| Defining mutations |
A1836G, T4023C, T13488C, T16189C! (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1b
| Haplogroup I1b |
| Possible time of origin |
11,135 ± 4,818 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1 |
| Defining mutations |
T6227C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1c
| Haplogroup I1c |
| Possible time of origin |
8,216 ± 3,787 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I1 |
| Defining mutations |
G8573A, C16264T, G16319A, T16362C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2'3
| Haplogroup I2'3 |
| Possible time of origin |
11,308 ± 4,154 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I |
| Defining mutations |
T152C!, G207A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
Examples of this ancestral branch have not been documented.
I2
| Haplogroup I2 |
| Possible time of origin |
6,387 ± 2,449 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2'3 |
| Defining mutations |
A15758G (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2a
| Haplogroup I2a |
| Possible time of origin |
3,771 ± 2,143 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2 |
| Defining mutations |
A11065G, G16145A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2a1
| Haplogroup I2a1 |
| Possible time of origin |
2,986 ± 1,968 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2a |
| Defining mutations |
T3398C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
Current available data indicates that this may be a Northwestern European branch.
I2b
| Haplogroup I2b |
| Possible time of origin |
About 1,267 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2 |
| Defining mutations |
T6515C, 8281-8289d, A16166c (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2c
| Haplogroup I2c |
| Possible time of origin |
About 2,268 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2 |
| Defining mutations |
T460C, G9438A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2d
| Haplogroup I2d |
| Possible time of origin |
About 3,828 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2 |
| Defining mutations |
G6480A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2e
| Haplogroup I2e |
| Possible time of origin |
About 2,936 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2 |
| Defining mutations |
G3591A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I3
| Haplogroup I3 |
| Possible time of origin |
8,679 ± 3,410 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I2'3 |
| Defining mutations |
T239C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I3a
| Haplogroup I3a |
| Possible time of origin |
6,091 ± 3,262 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I3 |
| Defining mutations |
T16086C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I3a1
| Haplogroup I3a1 |
| Possible time of origin |
5,070 ± 3,017 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I3a |
| Defining mutations |
G2849A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I3b
| Haplogroup I3b |
| Possible time of origin |
5,596 ± 3,629 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I3 |
| Defining mutations |
C16494T (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I4
| Haplogroup I4 |
| Possible time of origin |
14,913 ± 5,955 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I |
| Defining mutations |
G8519A (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I4a
| Haplogroup I4a |
| Possible time of origin |
About 2,124 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I4 |
| Defining mutations |
A10819G (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I5
| Haplogroup I5 |
| Possible time of origin |
18,806 ± 4,005 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I |
| Defining mutations |
A14233G (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
| HQ658465 | German (north) | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ245724 | North Ossetia | Fernandes 2012 |
|
I5a
| Haplogroup I5a |
| Possible time of origin |
15,116 ± 4,128 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I5 |
| Defining mutations |
T5074C, C16148T (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I5a1
| Haplogroup I5a1 |
| Possible time of origin |
11,062 ± 4,661 Before Present (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I5a |
| Defining mutations |
8281-8289d, A12961G (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I6
| Haplogroup I6 |
| Possible time of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I |
| Defining mutations |
T3645C (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
| JQ245773 | Turkey | Fernandes 2012 |
|
I6a
| Haplogroup I6a |
| Possible time of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Possible place of origin |
Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor |
I6 |
| Defining mutations |
(G203A), G3915A, A6116G, A7804G, T15287C, (A16293c) (Bahar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
See also
Genetics
Backbone mtDNA Tree
References
Footnotes
- ↑ Nikitin 2009: 6/53 in Lemkos
"Lemkos shared the highest frequency of haplogroup I ever reported and the highest frequency of haplogroup M* in the region." - ↑ Cvjetan 2004: 15/133
Works Cited
Journals
- Behar, DM; Metspalu, E; Kivisild, T; Rosset, S; Tzur, S; Hadid, Y; Yudkovsky, G; Rosengarten, D et al. (2008). "Counting the founders: The matrilineal genetic ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora". In MacAulay, Vincent. PLoS ONE 3 (4): e2062. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002062. PMC 2323359. PMID 18446216.
- Behar, Doron M.; Van Oven, Mannis; Rosset, Saharon; Metspalu, Mait; Loogväli, Eva-Liis; Silva, Nuno M.; Kivisild, Toomas; Torroni, Antonio et al. (2012). "A "Copernican" Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root". The American Journal of Human Genetics 90 (4): 675–84. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002. PMC 3322232. PMID 22482806.
- Belyaeva, Olga; Bermisheva, Marina; Khrunin, Andrey; Slominsky, Petr; Bebyakova, Natalia; Khusnutdinova, E. K. (Elza Kamilevna); Mikulich, Aleksei Ignatevich; Limborskaia, S. A. (Svetlana Andreevna) (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA variations in Russian and Belorussian populations". Human Biology 75 (5): 647–60. doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0069. PMID 14763602.
- Boattini, Alessio; Castrì, Loredana; Sarno, Stefania; Useli, Antonella; Cioffi, Manuela; Sazzini, Marco; Garagnani, Paolo; De Fanti, Sara et al. (2013). "MtDNA variation in East Africa unravels the history of afro-asiatic groups". American Journal of Physical Anthropology: n/a. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22212.
- Bosch, E.; Calafell, F.; Gonzalez-Neira, A.; Flaiz, C.; Mateu, E.; Scheil, H.-G.; Huckenbeck, W.; Efremovska, L. et al. (2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns". Annals of Human Genetics 70 (4): 459–87. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x. PMID 16759179.
- Brandt, G.; Haak, W.; Adler, C.; Roth, C.; Szécsényi-Nagy, A.; Karimnia, S.; Möller-Rieker, S.; Meller, H.; Ganslmeier, R.; Friederich, S.; Dresely, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pickrell, J.; Sirocko, F.; Reich, D.; Cooper, A.; Alt, K.; The Genographic Consortium (2013). "Ancient DNA Reveals Key Stages in the Formation of Central European Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity". Science 342 (6155): 257–261. doi:10.1126/science.1241844.
- Brandstatter, Anita; Peterson, Christine T.; Irwin, Jodi A.; Mpoke, Solomon; Koech, Davy K.; Parson, Walther; Parsons, Thomas J. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences from Nairobi (Kenya): Inferring phylogenetic parameters for the establishment of a forensic database". International Journal of Legal Medicine 118 (5): 294–306. doi:10.1007/s00414-004-0466-z. PMID 15248073.
- Castrì, Loredana; Garagnani, P; Useli, A; Pettener, D; Luiselli, D (2008). "Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa". Journal of Anthropological Sciences 86: 189–192. PMID 19934476.
- Castrì, Loredana; Tofanelli, Sergio; Garagnani, Paolo; Bini, Carla; Fosella, Xenia; Pelotti, Susi; Paoli, Giorgio; Pettener, Davide et al. (2009). "MtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: Implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140 (2): 302–11. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21070. PMID 19425093.
- Costa, MD; Cherni, L; Fernandes, V; Freitas, F; Ammar El Gaaied, AB; Pereira, L (2009). "Data from complete mtDNA sequencing of Tunisian centenarians: Testing haplogroup association and the "golden mean" to longevity". Mechanisms of ageing and development 130 (4): 222–6. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2008.12.001. PMID 19133286.
- Cvjetan, S; Tolk, HV; Lauc, LB; Colak, I; Dordević, D; Efremovska, L; Janićijević, B; Kvesić, A et al. (2004). "Frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups in southeastern Europe--Croatians, Bosnians and Herzegovinians, Serbians, Macedonians and Macedonian Romani". Collegium antropologicum 28 (1): 193–8. PMID 15636075.
- Derenko, M; Malyarchuk, B; Grzybowski, T; Denisova, G; Dambueva, I; Perkova, M; Dorzhu, C; Luzina, F et al. (2007). "Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in northern Asian populations". American Journal of Human Genetics 81 (5): 1025–41. doi:10.1086/522933. PMC 2265662. PMID 17924343.
- Dubut, Vincent; Chollet, Lionel; Murail, Pascal; Cartault, François; Béraud-Colomb, Eliane; Serre, Myriam; Mogentale-Profizi, Nérina (2003). "MtDNA polymorphisms in five French groups: Importance of regional sampling". European Journal of Human Genetics 12 (4): 293–300. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201145. PMID 14694359.
- Fernandes, Verónica; Alshamali, Farida; Alves, Marco; Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Silva, Nuno M.; Cherni, Lotfi; Harich, Nourdin et al. (2012). "The Arabian Cradle: Mitochondrial Relicts of the First Steps along the Southern Route out of Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics 90 (2): 347. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.010.
- Finnila, JS; Finnila, S; Majamaa, K (2001). "Lineage-specific selection in human mtDNA: Lack of polymorphisms in a segment of MTND5 gene in haplogroup J". Molecular Biology and Evolution 20 (12): 2132–42. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg230. PMID 12949126.
- Gasparre, G.; Porcelli, A. M.; Bonora, E.; Pennisi, L. F.; Toller, M.; Iommarini, L.; Ghelli, A.; Moretti, M. et al. (2007). "Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (21): 9001. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703056104.
- Gonder, M. K.; Mortensen, H. M.; Reed, F. A.; De Sousa, A.; Tishkoff, S. A. (2006). "Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (3): 757–68. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl209. PMID 17194802.
- Hartmann, A; Thieme, M; Nanduri, LK; Stempfl, T; Moehle, C; Kivisild, T; Oefner, PJ (2009). "Validation of microarray-based resequencing of 93 worldwide mitochondrial genomes". Human Mutation 30 (1): 115–22. doi:10.1002/humu.20816. PMID 18623076.
- Helgason, Agnar; Hickey, Eileen; Goodacre, Sara; Bosnes, Vidar; Stefánsson, Kári; Ward, Ryk; Sykes, Bryan (2001). "mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry". The American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (3): 206–15. doi:10.1086/318785. PMC 1274484. PMID 11179019.
- Hofreiter, Linea; Lynnerup, Niels; Siegismund, Hans R.; Kivisild, Toomas; Dissing, Jørgen (2010). "Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations". In Hofreiter, Michael. PLoS ONE 5 (7): e11898. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011898. PMC 2912848. PMID 20689597. "The overall occurrence of haplogroups did not deviate from extant Scandinavians, however, haplogroup I was significantly more frequent among the ancient Danes (average 13%) than among extant Danes and Scandinavians (~2.5%) as well as among other ancient population samples reported. Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type “diluted” by later immigration events."
- Janssen, GM; Neu, A; 't Hart, LM; Van De Sande, CM; Antonie Maassen, J (2006). "Novel mitochondrial DNA length variants and genetic instability in a family with diabetes and deafness". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 114 (4): 168–74. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924066. PMID 16705548.
- Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people". Human Genetics 126 (3): 395–410. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0. PMID 19449030.
- Kivisild, T; Reidla, M; Metspalu, E; Rosa, A; Brehm, A; Pennarun, E; Parik, J; Geberhiwot, T et al. (2004). "Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: Tracking gene flow across and around the gate of tears". American Journal of Human Genetics 75 (5): 752–70. doi:10.1086/425161. PMC 1182106. PMID 15457403.
- Knight, A; Underhill, PA; Mortensen, HM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Lin, AA; Henn, BM; Louis, D; Ruhlen, M et al. (2003). "African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages". Current biology : CB 13 (6): 464–73. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1. PMID 12646128.
- Krings, M; Salem, AE; Bauer, K; Geisert, H; Malek, AK; Chaix, L; Simon, C; Welsby, D et al. (1999). "MtDNA analysis of Nile River Valley populations: A genetic corridor or a barrier to migration?". American Journal of Human Genetics 64 (4): 1166–1176. doi:10.1086/302314. PMC 1377841. PMID 10090902.
- Lalueza-Fox, C; Sampietro, ML; Gilbert, MT; Castri, L; Facchini, F; Pettener, D; Bertranpetit, J (2004). "Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians". Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society 271 (1542): 941–7. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698. PMC 1691686. PMID 15255049.
- Maca-Meyer, N; González, AM; Larruga, JM; Flores, C; Cabrera, VM (2001). "Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions". BMC genetics 2: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-2-13. PMC 55343. PMID 11553319.
- MacAulay, Vincent; Richards, Martin; Hickey, Eileen; Vega, Emilce; Cruciani, Fulvio; Guida, Valentina; Scozzari, Rosaria; Bonné-Tamir, Batsheva et al. (1999). "The Emerging Tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: A Synthesis of Control-Region Sequences and RFLPs". The American Journal of Human Genetics 64 (1): 232–49. doi:10.1086/302204. PMC 1377722. PMID 9915963.
- Malyarchuk, B. A.; Derenko, M. V. (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implication to the origin of the Eastern Slavs". Annals of Human Genetics 65 (Pt 1): 63–78. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510063.x. PMID 11415523.
- Malyarchuk, BA; Grzybowski, T; Derenko, MV; Czarny, J; Drobnic, K; Miścicka-Sliwka, D (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA variability in Bosnians and Slovenians". Annals of Human Genetics 67 (Pt 5): 412–25. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00042.x. PMID 12940915.
- Malyarchuk, B; Derenko, M; Denisova, G; Kravtsova, O (2010). "Mitogenomic diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural region of Russia". Molecular Biology and Evolution 27 (10): 2220–6. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065. PMID 20457583.
- Martinez-Cruz, B.; Harmant, C.; Platt, D. E.; Haak, W.; Manry, J.; Ramos-Luis, E.; Soria-Hernanz, D. F.; Bauduer, F. et al. (2012). "Evidence of Pre-Roman Tribal Genetic Structure in Basques from Uniparentally Inherited Markers". Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (9): 2211–22. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss091. PMID 22411853.
- Melchior, Linea; Kivisild, Toomas; Lynnerup, Niels; Dissing, Jørgen (2008). "Evidence of Authentic DNA from Danish Viking Age Skeletons Untouched by Humans for 1,000 Years". In Ahmed, Niyaz. PLoS ONE 3 (5): e2214. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002214. PMC 2386972. PMID 18509537.
- Metspalu, Mait; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Ene; Parik, Jüri; Hudjashov, Georgi; Kaldma, Katrin; Serk, Piia; Karmin, Monika et al. (2004). "Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans". BMC Genetics 5: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-5-26. PMC 516768. PMID 15339343.
- Mikkelsen, Martin; Sørensen, Erik; Rasmussen, Erik Michael; Morling, Niels (2010). "Mitochondrial DNA HV1 and HV2 variation in Danes". Forensic Science International: Genetics 4 (4): e87. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.07.007.
- Mishmar, D; Ruiz-Pesini, E; Golik, P; MacAulay, V; Clark, AG; Hosseini, S; Brandon, M; Easley, K et al. (2003). "Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (1): 171–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0136972100. PMC 140917. PMID 12509511.
- Musilová, Eliška; Fernandes, Verónica; Silva, Nuno M.; Soares, Pedro; Alshamali, Farida; Harich, Nourdin; Cherni, Lotfi; Gaaied, Amel Ben Ammar El et al. (2011). "Population history of the Red Sea-genetic exchanges between the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa signaled in the mitochondrial DNA HV1 haplogroup". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145 (4): 592–8. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21522. PMID 21660931.
- Nikitin, Alexey G.; Kochkin, Igor T.; June, Cynthia M.; Willis, Catherine M.; McBain, Ian; Videiko, Mykhailo Y. (2009). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation in the Boyko, Hutsul, and Lemko Populations of the Carpathian Highlands". Human Biology 81 (1): 43–58. doi:10.3378/027.081.0104. PMID 19589018.
- Non, Amy L.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L.; Sanchez, Luisa F.; Mulligan, Connie J. (2011). "Mitochondrial DNA reveals distinct evolutionary histories for Jewish populations in Yemen and Ethiopia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21360. PMID 20623605.
- Palanichamy, MG; Sun, C; Agrawal, S; Bandelt, HJ; Kong, QP; Khan, F; Wang, CY; Chaudhuri, TK et al. (2004). "Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: Implications for the peopling of South Asia". American Journal of Human Genetics 75 (6): 966–78. doi:10.1086/425871. PMC 1182158. PMID 15467980.
- Pereira, L; Gonçalves, J; Franco-Duarte, R; Silva, J; Rocha, T; Arnold, C; Richards, M; MacAulay, V (2007). "No evidence for an mtDNA role in sperm motility: Data from complete sequencing of asthenozoospermic males". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (3): 868–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm004. PMID 17218641.
- Pericić, M; Barać Lauc, L; Martinović Klarić, I; Janićijević, B; Rudan, P (2005). "Review of Croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages". Croatian medical journal 46 (4): 502–13. PMID 16100752.
- Pichler, Irene; Fuchsberger, Christian; Platzer, Christa; Çalişkan, Minal; Marroni, Fabio; Pramstaller, Peter P; Ober, Carole (2010). "Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: Inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes". European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (4): 463–70. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.172. PMC 2987252. PMID 19844259.
- Poloni, Estella S.; Naciri, Yamama; Bucho, Rute; Niba, Régine; Kervaire, Barbara; Excoffier, Laurent; Langaney, André; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (2009). "Genetic Evidence for Complexity in Ethnic Differentiation and History in East Africa". Annals of Human Genetics 73 (6): 582. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00541.x.
- Pope, AM; Carr, SM; Smith, KN; Marshall, HD; Marshall, H. D. (2011). "Mitogenomic and microsatellite variation in descendants of the founder population of Newfoundland: High genetic diversity in an historically isolated population". Genome / National Research Council Canada = Genome / Conseil national de recherches Canada 54 (2): 110–9. doi:10.1139/G10-102. PMID 21326367.
- Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Chaix, Raphaëlle; Wells, R. Spencer; Behar, Doron M.; Sayar, Hamid; Scozzari, Rosaria; Rengo, Chiara; Al-Zahery, Nadia et al. (2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
- Richards, Martin; MacAulay, Vincent; Hickey, Eileen; Vega, Emilce; Sykes, Bryan; Guida, Valentina; Rengo, Chiara; Sellitto, Daniele et al. (2000). "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool". The American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (5): 1251–76. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1. PMC 1288566. PMID 11032788.
- Richards, Martin; Rengo, Chiara; Cruciani, Fulvio; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Scozzari, Rosaria; MacAulay, Vincent; Torroni, Antonio (2003). "Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (4): 1058–64. doi:10.1086/374384. PMC 1180338. PMID 12629598.
- Shlush, Liran I.; Behar, Doron M.; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Templeton, Alan; Hadid, Yarin; Basis, Fuad; Hammer, Michael; Itzkovitz, Shalev et al. (2008). "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East". In Gemmell, Neil John. PLoS ONE 3 (5): e2105. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002105. PMC 2324201. PMID 18461126.
- Soares, P.; Alshamali, F.; Pereira, J. B.; Fernandes, V.; Silva, N. M.; Afonso, C.; Costa, M. D.; Musilova, E. et al. (2011). "The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (3): 915–27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr245. PMID 22096215.
- Terreros, Maria C; Rowold, Diane J; Mirabal, Sheyla; Herrera, Rene J (2011). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal stratification in Iran: Relationship between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula". Journal of Human Genetics 56 (3): 235–46. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.174. PMID 21326310.
- Tishkoff, S. A.; Gonder, M. K.; Henn, B. M.; Mortensen, H.; Knight, A.; Gignoux, C.; Fernandopulle, N.; Lema, G. et al. (2007). "History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (10): 2180–95. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155. PMID 17656633.
- Topf, A. L.; Gilbert, MT; Dumbacher, JP; Hoelzel, AR (2005). "Tracing the Phylogeography of Human Populations in Britain Based on 4th-11th Century mtDNA Genotypes". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (1): 152–61. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj013. PMID 16151183.
- Torroni, A; Huoponen, K; Francalacci, P; Petrozzi, M; Morelli, L; Scozzari, R; Obinu, D; Savontaus, ML et al. (1996). "Classification of European mtDNAs From an Analysis of Three European Populations". Genetics 144 (4): 1835–50. PMC 1207732. PMID 8978068.
- van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–94. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457.
- Watson, E; Forster, P; Richards, M; Bandelt, HJ (1997). "Mitochondrial footprints of human expansions in Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics 61 (3): 691–704. doi:10.1086/515503. PMC 1715955. PMID 9326335.
Websites
Further reading
- Černý, Viktor; Pereira, Luísa; Kujanová, Martina; VašÍková, Alžběta; Hájek, Martin; Morris, Miranda; Mulligan, Connie J. (2009). "Out of Arabia-The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138 (4): 439–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID 19012329.
- Fellner, Robert O (1995). Cultural change and the epipalaeolithic of Palestine. Tempus Reparatum. ISBN 9780860547754.
- Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C. J. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.
- Petit-Maire, Nicole; Bouysse, Philippe (2000). "Geological records of the recent past, a key to the near future world environments". Episodes (Geological Society of Indiana).
External links