Haplogroup G (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup G
Possible time of origin 35,700 YBP[1]
Possible place of origin East Asia
Ancestor M12'G
Descendants G1, G2, G3, G4
Defining mutations 709, 4833, 5108[2]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.

Distribution

It is an East Asian haplogroup.[3] Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk.[4][5] Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Japanese, Mongol, and Tibetan people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō), and it is also found at lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh,[citation needed] and Nepal.[6][7][8] However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup G

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Itelmen0.68147Starikovskaya 2005G1=32
Koryak0.419155Starikovskaya 2005G1=65
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.28132Volodko 2008G1=9
Negidal0.27333Starikovskaya 2005G1=9
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.233133Fornarino 2009G2a=19, G(xG2a)=12
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020Comas 2004G2a=4
Ainu0.19651Satou 2009G1=8, G2=2
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.18244Ji 2012G2a=3, G3b=3, G2(xG2a)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.17047Jin 2009G2a=5, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2, G3=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.16748Kong 2003G2(xG2a)=3, G2a=3, G1a=1, G3=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.16724Ji 2012G=4
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.16349Yao 2004G2a=3, G2(xG2a)=3, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.15819Ji 2012G=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.14682Volodko 2008G1=12
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.14648Yao 2004G2a=7
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.14555Ji 2012G2a=4, G2(xG2a)=3, G3b=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.12847Yao 2004G2a=5, G3=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.12540Fornarino 2009G2a=4, G(xG2a)=1
Japanese (Gifu)0.1161617Fuku 2007G=188
Ulch0.11587Starikovskaya 2005G1=9, G2=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.11444Kong 2003G(xG1a, G2, G3)=5
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.10756Wen 2004G(xG2, G3)=2, G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.10647Derenko 2007G2a=4, G1=1
Tuvan0.10595Starikovskaya 2005G2=6, G3=4
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.10519Wen 2005G2=2
Japanese0.104211Maruyama 2003G4a=12, G2a=6, G4b=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG2, G4a, G4b)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.10329Ji 2012G3b=2, G2a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.10329Ji 2012G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1
Korean (South Korea)0.103185Jin 2009G2(xG2a)=7, G2a=6, G3=4, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Tokyo)0.102118Zheng 2011G=12
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.10199Derenko 2007G2a=9, G3=1
Han (Beijing)0.10040Jin 2009G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Manchurian0.10040Jin 2009G1a=3, G2a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.09841Wen 2005G2=4
Japanese (Tōkai)0.096282Umetsu 2005G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=12, G1b=2
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.095105Fedorova 2013G1b=9, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.094149Derenko 2012G2=13, G3=1
Chukchi0.09166Starikovskaya 2005G1=6
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.09111Wen 2005G2=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.08945Kong 2003G1a=2, G2a=2
Hui (Xinjiang)0.08945Yao 2004G2a=2, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.088217Asari 2007G1a=11, G(xG1a, G1b)=7, G1b=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.08547Kong 2003G(xG1a, G2, G3)=4
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.08336Wen 2004G(xG2, G3)=2, G3=1
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.082110Derenko 2007G2a=7, G1=1, G(xG1, G2a, G3)=1
Buryat0.08025Starikovskaya 2005G2=1, G3=1
Buryat0.079126Kong 2003G2a=8, G2(xG2a)=2
Korean (South Korea)0.079203Umetsu 2005G1a=9, G(xG1a, G1b)=7
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.07468Wen 2004G2(xG2a)=5
Dargin (Dagestan)0.07128Marchani 2008G=2
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.06958Yao 2004G2a=2, G3=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.069160Umetsu 2005G(xG1a, G1b)=8, G1a=3
Korean (South Korea)0.068103Derenko 2007G2a=3, G1=2, G3=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.068633Fuku 2007G=43
Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.068148Fedorova 2013G2a5=6, G2a(xG2a5)=2, G1b=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.06715Derenko 2007G1=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.06745Wen 2004G(xG2, G3)=3
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.06730Wen 2004G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Tuvinian0.067105Derenko 2007G2a=4, G1=2, G3=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.06531Li 2007G2a=2
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.06332Wen 2005G2=2
Korean (South Korea)0.061261Kim 2008G(xG2)=11, G2=5
Mansi0.06198Starikovskaya 2005G2=6
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.060100Uchiyama 2007G4a=2, G1a=1, G1b=1, G2a1(xG2a1a)=1, G2a1a=1
Han (Beijing Normal University)0.058121Zheng 2011G=7
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.05735Wen 2004G3=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.05753Yao 2004G1a=1, G2a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Altai Kizhi0.05690Derenko 2007G1=4, G2a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.05654Ji 2012G2(xG2a)=1, G2a=1, G3b=1
Han (Denver, Colorado)0.05573Zheng 2011G=4
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.05555Yao 2004G2a=3
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.054336Umetsu 2005G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=5
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.05456Starikovskaya 2005G1=3
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004G2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.05040Wen 2005G2=2
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004G2a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05040Comas 2004G2a=2
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.05040Wen 2004G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Orok (Sakhalin)0.04961Bermisheva 2005G=3
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.049102Liu 2011G(xG2, G3)=4, G2a1=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.049164Fedorova 2013G2a(xG2a5)=6, G2a5=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.049103Wen 2005G3=2, G(xG2, G3)=2, G2=1
Vietnamese0.04842Jin 2009G1a=1, G3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.047256Umetsu 2005G(xG1a, G1b)=9, G1a=3
Tujia (western Hunan)0.04764Wen 2004G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.04544Derenko 2007G2a=1, G3=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.04522Fedorova 2013G1b=1
Hazara (North West Frontier Province & Balochistan)0.04323Quintana-Murci 2004G=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.04248Kong 2003G2(xG2a)=2
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.04173Derenko 2007G2a=2, G1=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.04050Wen 2004G2a=2
Korean (northern China)0.03951Jin 2009G2a=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Kumik (Dagestan)0.03826Marchani 2008G=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03826Wen 2005G2=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.036111Fedorova 2013G2a(xG2a5)=2, G2a5=1, G1b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.03628Li 2007G(xG1a, G2)=1
Cun (Hainan)0.03330Peng 2011G=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.03330Wen 2004G(xG2, G3)=1
Lingao (Hainan)0.03231Peng 2011G=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.03231Wen 2004G(xG2, G3)=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03132Wen 2005G(xG2, G3)=1
Nogai (Dagestan)0.03033Marchani 2008G=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)0.029137Ji 2012G1=3, G2=1
Han (southern California)0.028390Ji 2012G=11
Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.02871Derenko 2007G2a=2
Yakut (Yakutia)0.02836Derenko 2007G2a=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.02639Wen 2005G(xG2, G3)=1
Yakut0.026117Kong 2003G2a=2, G1a=1
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)0.024125Fedorova 2013G1b=2, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Uzbek (Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan)0.02442Quintana-Murci 2004G=1
Evenk (Buryatia)0.02245Derenko 2007G3=1
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.02291Umetsu 2005G(xG1a, G1b)=2
Han (Taiwan)0.0211117Ji 2012G=24
Han (Xinjiang)0.02147Yao 2004G2a=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.02147Yao 2004G2a=1
Hindu (New Delhi)0.02148Fornarino 2009G(xG2a)=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic)0.02098Derenko 2012G2=1, G3=1
Turkish (Anatolia, Turkey)0.02050Quintana-Murci 2004G=1
Khanty0.019106Pimenoff 2008G2=2
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)0.01855Yao 2004G2(xG2a)=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.01857Derenko 2007G3=1
Mansi0.01663Pimenoff 2008G2=1
Okinawa0.015326Umetsu 2005G(xG1a, G1b)=3, G1a=2
Persian (eastern Iran)0.01282Derenko 2007G2a=1
Pakistani (Karachi, Pakistan)0.010100Quintana-Murci 2004G=1
Li (Hainan)0.009346Peng 2011G=3
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)0.006154Fedorova 2013G1b=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.006168Peng 2010G=1
Taiwan aborigines0.002640Peng 2011G=1
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010Wen 2005 -
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.00018Volodko 2008 -
Filipino (Palawan)0.00020Scholes 2011 -
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.00020Li 2007 -
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024Fornarino 2009 -
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.00024Wen 2005 -
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00025Wen 2005 -
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025Derenko 2007 -
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00027Wen 2005 -
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029Fornarino 2009 -
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.00029Li 2007 -
Batak (Palawan)0.00031Scholes 2011 -
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.00031Wen 2005 -
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.00035Wen 2005 -
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.00035Ji 2012 -
Aleut (Commander Islands)0.00036Volodko 2008 -
Eskimo (Sireniki)0.00037Volodko 2008 -
Eskimo (Naukan)0.00039Volodko 2008 -
Nganasan0.00039Volodko 2008 -
Thai0.00040Jin 2009 -
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.00042Wen 2005 -
Eskimo (Chaplin)0.00050Volodko 2008 -
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.00053Derenko 2007 -
Han (Hunan & Fujian)0.00055Zheng 2011 -
Saami (Finland)0.00069Tambets 2004 -
Shor (Kemerovo)0.00082Derenko 2007 -
Eskimo (Canada)0.00096Volodko 2008 -
Saami (Sweden)0.00098Tambets 2004 -
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.000163Volodko 2008 -
Saami (Norway)0.000278Tambets 2004 -
Eskimo (Greenland)0.000385Volodko 2008 -

Subclades

Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to Guizhou (Han). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia and Central Asia. G2a also has been found with high frequency in some samples of Tharus from southern Nepal.[9][10]

Subclade G1 is almost completely responsible for the high frequency of haplogroup G in populations located around the Sea of Okhotsk (Itelmen, Koryak, Negidal, Ulch, Ainu, Chukchi, Nivkh, etc.). G1 in Luoravetlans (Koryak & Chukchi) is essentially G1b, and this subclade is also found with generally low frequency in populations of Yakutia to the west (Evens, Yukaghirs, Evenks, Yakuts, Dolgans) as well as in Japan.[11] G1a has been found in samples from China (Daur, Hui, Kazakh, Korean, Manchu, and a sample of the general population of the city of Shenyang), Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Siberia (Yakut). G1c has been found in China and Korea.

Subclade G3 is relatively rare. It has been found mainly among Koreans,[12] Tibetans, and presently Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking populations in southern Siberia and vicinity, and occasionally among Evenks in Buryatia, Japanese, Pumi, Tajiks, Hmong and Tujia in western Hunan, and Vietnamese.

Subclade G4 has been found in Japan.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup G subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.

  • G
    • G1
      • G1a
        • G1a1
          • G1a1a
            • G1a1a1
            • G1a1a2
            • G1a1a3
        • G1a2'3
          • G1a2
          • G1a3
            • G1a3a
      • G1b
      • G1c
    • G2
      • G2a
        • G2a1
          • G2a1a
          • G2a1b
          • G2a1c
        • G2a2
        • G2a3
          • G2a3a
        • G2a4
      • G2b
        • G2b1
    • G3
      • G3a
        • G3a1
        • G3a2
      • G3b
        • G3b1
    • G4

See also

References

  1. ↑ Soares, Pedro; Luca Ermini, Noel Thomson, Maru Mormina, Teresa Rito, Arne Röhl, Antonio Salas, Stephen Oppenheimer, Vincent Macaulay and Martin B. Richards (4 June 2009). "Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Society of Human Genetics 84 (6): 82–93. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773. Retrieved 2009-08-13. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  3. ↑ Haplogroup G.
  4. ↑ mtDNA Haplogroup Testing
  5. ↑ Natalia V. Volodko, Elena B. Starikovskaya, Ilya O. Mazunin et al., "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas", The American Journal of Human Genetics 82, 1084–1100, May 2008. DOI 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019.
  6. ↑ Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa et al., "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", Electrophoresis (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129
  7. ↑ Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202
  8. ↑ Asari M et al., "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", Leg Med (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007
  9. ↑ Simona Fornarino, Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia et al., "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:154 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154
  10. ↑ Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo et al., "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101
  11. ↑ Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture", Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology 01/2007; 12(1):83-96. DOI:10.3408/jafst.12.83
  12. ↑ Jin H-J, Tyler-Smith C, Kim W (2009) "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers." PLoS ONE 4(1): e4210. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210

External links

Evolutionary tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1-6
L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6
  M N  
CZ D E G Q   A S   R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT P  U
HV JT K
H V J T
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