Hamlet's Mill

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Hamlet's Mill: An Essay Investigating the Origins of Human Knowledge and Its Transmission Through Myth

1st hardcover edition, dust cover art
Author Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend
Cover artist William Barss (1st hardcover edition, Gambit, 1969);
Sara Eisenman (1st paperback edition, 1977)
Country United States
Language English
Subject Mythology and Astronomy
Genre Non-fiction
Publisher Gambit Incorporated (1969, hardcover, 1st edition, 1st printing);
Harvard University Press (1969, hardcover);
David R. Godine, Publisher, Inc. (1977, softcover)
Publication date
 November 1969
Media type Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages

505 (1st paperback edition; includes the 25 chapters, 39 appendices,

bibliography and indices)
ISBN ISBN 0-87645-008-7 (Harvard)
LCCN 69013267 (Gambit)

Hamlet's Mill (first published by Gambit, Boston, 1969) by Giorgio de Santillana (a professor of the history of science at MIT) and Hertha von Dechend (a scientist at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität) is a nonfiction work of history and comparative mythology, particularly the subfield of archaeoastronomy. The book is thematically similar to Joseph Campbell's The Masks of God.

The essential premise of the book is that much mythology and ancient literature have been badly misinterpreted and that they generally relate to a sort of monomyth conveying significant scientific and specifically astronomical ideas and knowledge.

Background

Santillana had previously published, in 1961, The Origins of Scientific Thought which greatly influenced Hamlet's Mill—indeed, it could be considered a sequel or elaboration of the 1961 work;[1] further influences can be found in the work of Leo Frobenius (Leach 1970 mentions particularly the 1900 Die Mathematik der Oceaner and the 1904 Das Zeitalter des Sonnengottes).

The proposed interpretation is that:

  1. "Our ancestors of the high and far-off times were endowed with minds wholly comparable to ours, and were capable of rational processes—always given the means at hand" [2]
  2. That they were particularly fascinated by astronomical observations, and that they made many discoveries, particularly:
  3. The precession of the axis was discovered long before the accepted date of the Greek discovery, and that this was discovered by an ancient (perhaps as late as 4000 BCE) civilization of unsuspected sophistication (per #1).
  4. This civilization believed that the world passed through cyclical & Zodiacal stages based on the precession, and that myths which encode this astronomical knowledge symbolically transmit this belief, typically through a story relating to a millstone and a young protagonist—the title, "Hamlet's Mill", comes from a prototype of the Shakespearean Prince Hamlet, the Scandinavian Amlodhi of Saxo Grammaticus or Snorri Sturluson.
  5. And indeed, the majority of myths have to do with astronomy, and are not principally related to sex or the weather.[3]
Careful examination of the "relics, fragments and allusions that have survived the steep attrition of the ages"[4] permit reconstruction. In particular, the book reconstructs a myth of a heavenly mill which rotates around the pole star, and grinds out the world's salt and soil, and is associated with the maelstrom. The millstone falling off its frame represents the passing of one age's pole star (symbolized by a ruler or king of some sort), and its restoration and the overthrow of the old king of authority and the empowering of the new one the establishment of a new order of the age (a new star moving into the position of pole star). The authors attempt to demonstrate the prevalence of influence of this hypothetical civilization's ideas by analysing the world's mythology (with an eye to revealing mill myths) using
"cosmographic oddments from many eras and climes...a collection of yarns from Saxo Grammaticus, Snorri Sturluson ("Amlodhi's mill" as a kenning for the sea!), Firdausi, Plato, Plutarch, the Kalevala, Mahabharata, and Gilgamesh, not to forget Africa, the Americas, and Oceania..."[5]

Publishing history

The full hardcover title is Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & The Frame of Time. Later softcover editions would use Hamlet's Mill: An Essay Investigating the Origins of Human Knowledge and its Transmission Through Myth. The English edition was hastily assembled and published 5 years prior to de Santillana's death. Hertha von Dechend (who is generally held to have written more of the book)[6] prepared an expanded second edition several years later. The German translation, which appeared in 1993, is slightly longer than the original. 8th Italian edition of 2000 was substantially expanded.[7]

Reception

Hamlet's Mill was severely criticized by academic reviewers[8] on a number of grounds: tenuous arguments based on incorrect or outdated linguistic information;[9] lack of familiarity with modern sources;[10] an over-reliance on coincidence or analogy;[11] and the general implausibility of a far-flung and influential civilization existing and not leaving behind solid evidence. At most, it has been given a grudging sort of praise. Thus, Jaan Puhvel (1970) concluded that

"This is not a serious scholarly work on the problem of myth in the closing decades of the twentieth century. There are frequent flashes of insight, for example, on the cyclical world views of the ancients and on the nature of mythical language, as well as genuinely eloquent, quasi-poetic homilies."

Writing in The New York Review of Books, Edmund Leach noted:

“[The] authors' insistence that between about 4000 B.C. and 100 A.D. a single archaic system prevailed throughout most of the civilized and proto-civilized world is pure fantasy. Their attempt to delineate the details of this system by a worldwide scatter of random oddments of mythology is no more than an intellectual game. [...] Something like 60 percent of the text is made up of complex arguments about Indo-European etymologies which would have seemed old-fashioned as early as 1870.”[12]
H. R. Ellis Davidson referred to Hamlet’s Mill as
"amateurish in the worst sense, jumping to wild conclusions without any knowledge of the historical value of the sources or of previous work done. On the Scandinavian side there is heavy dependence on the fantasies of Rydberg, writing in the last [19th] century, and apparent ignorance of progress made since his time."[13]

De Santillana and von Dechend state in the Introduction to Hamlet's Mill that they are well aware of modern interpretations of myth and folklore but they find them shallow and lacking insight: "...the experts now are benighted by the current folk fantasy, which is the belief that they are beyond all this - critics without nonsense and extremely wise". Consequently, de Santillana and Dechend prefer to rely on the work of "meticulous scholars such as Ideler, Lepsius, Chwolson, Boll and, to go farther back, of Athanasius Kircher and Petavius...". They give reasons throughout the book for preferring the work of older scholars (and the early mythologists themselves) as the proper way to interpret myth; but this viewpoint did not sit well with their modern critics schooled in the "current anthropology, which has built up its own idea of the primitive and what came after".[14]

Barber & Barber (2006), itself a study aiming to "uncover seismic, geological, astrological, or other natural events" from mythology, appreciates the book for its pioneer work in mythography, judging that "Although controversial, [Santillana and von Dechend] have usefully flagged and collected Herculean amounts of relevant data."[15] Nevertheless, the conclusions the authors draw from their data have been "virtually ignored by the scientific and scholarly establishment.”[16]

See also

Further reading

  • Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1972). "Review of Hamlet's Mill, by Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha von Dechend". Journal for the History of Astronomy 3: 206–211. Bibcode:1972JHA.....3..206P. 

References

  1. ↑ Compare various statements in Hamlet's Mill to this quote from The Origin of Scientific Thought: "We can see then, how so many myths, fantastic and arbitrary in semblance, of which the Greek tale of the Argonaut is a late offspring, may provide a terminology of image motifs, a kind of code which is beginning to be broken. It was meant to allow those who knew (a) to determine unequivocally the position of given planets in respect to the earth, to the firmament, and to one another; (b) to present what knowledge there was of the fabric of the world in the form of tales about 'how the world began'." (As quoted in pages 35-36 of Feyerabend, Paul (2000). Against Method (3rd ed.). London: Verso. ISBN 0-86091-481-X.  Feyerabend goes on: "There are two reasons why this code was not discovered earlier. One is the firm conviction of historians of science that science did not start before Greece and that scientific results can only be obtained with the scientific method as it is practised today (and as it was foreshadowed by Greek scientists). The other reason is the astronomical, geological, etc., ignorance of most Assyriologists, Aegyptologists, Old Testament scholars, and so on: the apparent primitivism of many myths is just the reflection of the primitive astronomical, biological, etc., etc., knowledge of their collectors and translators. Since the discoveries of Hawkins, Marshack, Seidenberg, van der Waerden (Geometry and Algebra in Ancient Civilizations, New York, 1983) and others we have to admit the existence of an international paleolithic astronomy that gave rise to schools, observatories, scientific traditions and most interesting theories. These theories, which were expressed in sociological, not in mathematical terms, have left their traces in sagas, myths, legends, and may be reconstructed in a twofold way, by going forward into the present from the material remains of Stone Age astronomy such as marked stones, stone observatories, etc., and by going back into the past from the literary remains which we find in sagas, legends, myths. An example of the first method is A. Marshack, The Roots of Civilization, New York, 1972. An example of the second is de Santillana-von Dechend, Hamlet's mill, Boston, 1969." Feyerabend, Paul (2000). Against Method (3rd ed.). London: Verso. ISBN 0-86091-481-X. .
  2. ↑ Hamlet's Mill, pg 68
  3. ↑ "Nevertheless, the expression of this proto-scientific vision of the cosmos was not mathematical but mythological. All the gods are stars, and mythological language has exclusive reference to celestial phenomena: for example, "earth" in myth means only "the ideal plane laid through the ecliptic" (p. 58); all stories of floods "refer to an old astronomical image" (p. 57). Without bothering to refute alternative positions which hold that some, at least, of the gods and myths stemmed from concern with fertility or meteorological phenomena, the authors merely mock "the fertility addicts" (p. 308) and "the Fecundity-'Trust" (p. 381)." White (1970:541).
  4. ↑ Hamlet's Mill, as quoted in Leach 1970
  5. ↑ Puhvel (1970)
  6. ↑ "The mass of the book, including thirty-nine appendices, is clearly von Dechend's work." White (1970:541).
  7. ↑ From 552 to 630 pages (see 'Editions').
  8. ↑ "The cowed reviewer is soon reduced to wondering whether mere critical prose should even be expended on something that obviously solicits the suspension of disbelief." Puhvel (1970). "As will presently be apparent, my reaction to this book is hostile - so before my prejudices get out of hand, let me try to explain what it is all about." (Leach 1970) "De Santillana has served us well once more by underscoring a pioneering idea, but von Dechend's implementation of that idea will prevent many scholars from recognizing its validity." White (1970).
  9. ↑ "The long-forgotten period-piece etymologies of Max Müller and Adalbert Kuhn("surely a great scholar", p. 381) are blithely resurrected (for example, Sanskrit Pramantha matching Greek Prometheus, p. 139), while more up-to-date authorities are caricatured as "severe philologists, slaves to exact 'truth'" (p. 294)." Puhvel (1970)
  10. ↑ "..but in all other respects they choose to ignore almost completely nearly everything that has been written about their subject matter over the past forty years [...] Academic arrogance of this sort is impenetrable; in the certitude of their faith out authors are bound to dismiss all criticism as tendentious, and so, as critic, I have nothing left to say except that I do not believe a word of it." Leach 1970.
  11. ↑ "Her only proofs are analogy, often strained. On a single page (425) she connects myths of Greece, Japan, Egypt, Iceland, the Marquesas, and the Cherokee Indians. On page 309, a rabbinical and a Pawnee tradition show "mistakable" identity. On page 320 we read "here ancient Greek myth suddenly emerges in full light among Indian tribes in America, miraculously preserved." One might quote such passages indefinitely." White (1970:541).
  12. ↑ Edmund Leach (1970). Review of Hamlet's Mill, The New York Review, February 12, 1970, p. 36.
  13. ↑ Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1974). "Review of Hamlet's Mill". Folklore 85: 282–283. 
  14. ↑ All quotes are from the Introduction to Hamlet's Mill, first edition.
  15. ↑ Barber, Elizabeth Wayland and Barber, Paul T., When They Severed Earth from Sky: How the Human Mind Shapes Myth. 2006. Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12774-3. p. 185, n.3.
  16. ↑ Roy G. Willis and Patrick Curry (2004), Astrology, Science and Culture: Pulling Down the Moon, p.45.
  • Leach, Edmund (12 February 1970). "Bedtime Story". The New York Review of Books XIV: 36. Retrieved 2007-01-11. 
  • Puhvel, Jaan; De Santillana, Giorgio; Von Dechend, Hertha (December 1970). "Untitled review of Hamlet's Mill. An Essay on Myth and the Frame of Time". The American Historical Review (American Historical Association) 75 (7): 2009–2010. doi:10.2307/1848027. JSTOR 1848027. 
  • White, Jr., Lynn (Winter 1970). "Untitled review of Hamlet's Mill. An Essay on Myth and the Frame of Time". Isis 61 (4): 540–541. doi:10.1086/350690. JSTOR 229468. 

Editions

  • German edition: Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend: Die Mühle des Hamlet. Ein Essay über Mythos und das Gerüst der Zeit. Berlin : Kammerer und Unverzagt, 1993. ISBN 3-926763-23-X
  • Italian editions: Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend, Il mulino di Amleto. Saggio sul mito e sulla struttura del tempo. Milano: Adelphi, 1983 (552 pages)
  • 8th expanded Italian edition: Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend, Il mulino di Amleto. Saggio sul mito e sulla struttura del tempo. Milano: Adelphi, 2000 (630 pages)
  • First English paperback edition: Boston: Godine, 1977
  • French edition: Giorgio De Santillana; Hertha von Dechend, Le moulin d'Hamlet : la connaissance, origine et transmission par les mythes. Claude Gaudriault (tr.). Paris : Editions Edite, 2012

External links

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