Hamadryas baboon

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Hamadryas baboon[1]
Male, female and infant
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Papio
Species: P. hamadryas
Binomial name
Papio hamadryas
(Linnaeus, 1758)[3]
Hamadryas Baboon range

The hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) is a species of baboon from the Old World monkey family. It is the northernmost of all the baboons, being native to the Horn of Africa and the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. These regions provide habitats with the advantage for this species of fewer natural predators than central or southern Africa where other baboons reside. The hamadryas baboon was a sacred animal to the ancient Egyptians and appears in various roles in ancient Egyptian religion, hence its alternative name of 'sacred baboon'.

Physical description

Males and females are distinguished by their differences in size and color.

Apart from the striking size difference between the sexes (males are often twice as large as females), which is common to all baboons, this species also shows sexual dimorphism in coloration. The fur of males is silver-white in color and they have a pronounced cape (mane and mantle) which they develop around the age of ten, while the females are capeless and brown. Their faces range in color from red to tan to a dark brown.

Males may have a body measurement of up to 80 cm (31 in) and weigh 20–30 kg (44–66 lb); females weigh 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) and have a body length of 40–45 cm (16–18 in).[4] The tail adds a further 40–60 cm (16–24 in) to the length, and ends in a small tuft. Infants are dark in coloration and lighten after about one year. Hamadryas baboons reach sexual maturity at about 51 mo for females and between 57 and 81 mo for males.[5]

Ecology

The hamadryas baboon eats fruit in captivity, although it is not a regular part of its diet in the wild.

The baboon's range extends from the Red Sea in Eritrea to Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. Baboons are also native to and live in southwestern Arabia, in both Yemen and Saudi Arabia.[2] The Hamadryas baboon lives in semi-desert areas, savannas and rocky areas, requiring cliffs for sleeping and finding water. The hamadryas baboon is omnivorous and is adapted to its relatively dry habitat. During the wet seasons, the baboon feeds on a variety of foods, including blossoms, seeds, grasses, wild roots, and leaves from acacia trees.[6] During the dry season, the baboons eat leaves of the Dobera glabra and sisal leaves. Hamadryas baboon also eat insects, reptiles and small mammals. One was even observed carrying a dead dik dik.[7]

The baboons’ drinking activities also depend on the season. During the wet seasons, the baboons do not have to go far to find pools of water. During the dry seasons, they frequent up to three permanent waterholes.[7] Baboons will take siestas at the waterholes during midafternoon. Hamadryas baboons will also dig drinking holes only a short distance from natural waterholes.[7]

Social life

Group organization

Hamadryas harems together

The baboon has an unusual four-level social system called a multilevel society. Most social interaction occurs within small groups called one-male units or harems containing one male and up to ten females which the males lead and guard. A harem will typically include a younger "follower" male who may be related to the leader.[7][8][9] Two or more harems unite repeatedly to form clans.[10] Within clans, the dominant males of the units are probably close relatives of one another and have an age-related dominance hierarchy.[11][12] Bands are the next level. Two to four clans form bands of up to 200 individuals which usually travel and sleep as a group.[7][8][12] Both males and females rarely leave their bands. The dominant males will prevent infants and juveniles from interacting with infants and juveniles from other bands. Bands may fight with one another over food, etc., and the adult male leaders of the units are usually the combatants.[7][9] Bands also contain solitary males that are not harem leaders or followers and move freely within the band. Several bands may come together to form a troop. Several bands in a troop also often share a cliff-face where they sleep.[7][8][12]

Group behavior

The hamadryas baboon is unusual among baboon and macaque species in that its society is strictly patriarchal.[13] The males limit the movements of the females, herding them with visual threats and grabbing or biting any that wander too far away.[14] Males will sometimes raid harems for females, resulting in aggressive fights. Many males succeed in taking a female from another's harem, called a "takeover".[8][14][15] Visual threats are usually accompanied by these aggressive fights. This would include a quick flashing of the eyelids accompanied by a yawn to show off the teeth. As in many species, infant baboons are taken by the males as hostages during fights. However, males within the same clan tend to be related and respect the social bonds of their kin.[9] In addition, females demonstrate definite preferences for certain males, and rival males heed these preferences.[16] The less a female favors her harem males, the more likely she will be successfully taken by a rival.[16] Young males, often "follower" males, may start their own harems by maneuvering immature females into following them.[16] The male may also abduct a young female by force.[16] Either way, the male will mate with the female when she matures. Aging males often lose their females to followers and soon lose weight and their hair color changes to brown like a female.[16] While males in most other baboon species are transferred away from their male relatives and into different troops, male hamadryas baboons remain in their natal clans or bands and have associations with their male kin.[7][9]

Hamadryas males with female and young

Hamadryas baboons have traditionally been thought of having a female transfer society with females being moved away from their relatives of the same sex.[11] However, later studies show female baboons retain close associations with their female kin throughout their lives.[13] Females can spend about as much time with other females as they do with the harem males, and some females will even interact with each other outside of their harems.[13] In addition, it is not uncommon for females of the same natal group to end up in the same harem. The males likely restrict female bonding in hamadryas baboons rather than ecological factors.[13] Females can still associate and help their extended families despite their interactions being controlled by the harem males.[13]

Females within a harem do not display any dominance relationships as seen in other many other baboon and macaque species. The harem males suppress aggression between the females and prevent any dominance hierarchies from arising.[7][9] Despite this, some social differences between the females occur. Some females are more socially active and have a stronger social bond with the harem male. These females, known as the "central females", stay in closer proximity to the harem male then the other females.[9] Females that spend most their time farther from the harem male are called "peripheral females".[9]

Reproduction and parenting

Female baboons carrying their "younglings"

Like other baboons, the hamadryas baboon breeds aseasonally. The dominant male of a one-male unit does most of the mating, though other males may occasionally sneak in copulations, as well.[7][9][11][17] Females do most of the parenting. They nurse and groom the infant and one female in a unit may groom an infant that is not hers. Like all baboons, hamadryas baboons are intrigued by their infants and give much attention to them. Dominant male baboons prevent other males from coming into close contact with their infants. They also protect the young from predators. The dominant male tolerates the young and will carry and play with them.[7] When a new male takes over a female, she develops sexual swellings which may be an adaptation that functions to prevent the new male from killing the offspring of the previous male.[18] When males reach puberty, they show interest in mothering young infants.[7] They will kidnap the infants by luring them away from their harems and inviting them to ride on their backs. This is more often done by "follower" males. This kidnapping can lead to dehydration or starvation for the infant.[15] The harem leader would retrieve the infants from their kidnappers, which is mostly an act to protect their offspring.[15]

Human interaction

Depiction of a hamadryas baboon as the god Thoth (circa 1400 BC), in the British Museum

Cultural depictions

Hamadryas baboons often appear in ancient Egyptian art, as they were considered sacred to Thoth,[19] a major and powerful deity with many roles that included being the scribe of the gods. Astennu, attendant to Thoth, is represented as a hamadryas in his roles as recorder of the result of the Weighing of the Heart and as one of the four hamadryas baboons guarding the lake of fire in Duat, the ancient Egyptian underworld. A pre-dynastic precursor to Astennu was Babi, or 'Bull of the Baboons', a bloodthirsty god said to eat the entrails of the unrighteous dead. Babi was also said to give the righteous dead continued virility, and to use his penis as the mast of a boat to convey them to the Egyptian paradise.

Sometimes Thoth himself appears in the form of a hamadryas (often shown carrying the moon on his head), as an alternative to his more common representation as an ibis-headed figure. Hapi, one of the Four Sons of Horus that guarded the organs of the deceased in ancient Egyptian religion, is also represented as hamadryas-headed: Hapi protected the lungs, hence the common sculpting of a stone or clay hamadryas head as the lid of the canopic jar that held the lungs and/or represented the protection of the lungs. Hamadryas baboons were revered because certain behaviors that they perform were seen as worshiping the sun.[19]

Status and conservation

Transformation of field and pastureland represents the main threat to the hamadryas baboon; its only natural predators are the Striped hyena, Spotted hyena and African leopard who are still living in its area of distribution. The IUCN listed this species as "least concern" in 2008.[2] There are no major range-wide threats at present, although locally it may be at risk through loss of habitat due to major agricultural expansion and irrigation projects.[2] The species occurs in the proposed Yangudi Rassa National Park, the Harar Wildlife Sanctuary, and a number of wildlife reserves in the lower Awash valley and in northern Eritrea.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M, eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 166–167. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Gippoliti, S. & Ehardt, T. (2008). Papio hamadryas. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  3. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ. Regnum animale. (10 ed.). p. 27. Retrieved 19 November 2012. 
  4. ↑ "Sacred Baboon (Papio hamadryas)". World Association of Zoos and Acquariums. Retrieved July 2011. 
  5. ↑ Rowe, Noel. The Pictorial Guide to Living Primates, Pogonias Press (Charlestown, Rhode Island: 1996)
  6. ↑ Swedell 2002:b
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 Kummer, 1968
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Swedell 2006
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Stammbach, 1987
  10. ↑ Schreier and Swedell 2009
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Sigg and Stolba et al. 1982
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Abegglen, 1984
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Swedell 2002
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Swedell and Schreier 2009
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Swedell and Tesfaye
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Kummer 2001
  17. ↑ Swedell and Saunders 2006
  18. ↑ Zinner, D., T. Deschner, 2000.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 The Baboons and Monkeys of Ancient Egypt Royce Hiller, Tour Egypt.net

General Sources

  • Kummer, H. (1968) Social Organisation of Hamdryas Baboons. A Field Study. Basel and Chicago: Karger, and University Press.
  • Sigg, H, Stolba, A, Abegglen, J. -J. and Dasser, V. (1982) "Life history of hamadryas baboons: Physical development, infant mortality, reproductive parameters and family relationships". Primates, 23(4): 473-487.
  • Abegglen J. J. (1984) On Socialization in Hamadryas Baboons. Blackwell University Press.
  • Stammbach, E. (1987) "Desert, forest, and mountain baboons: Multilevel societies". pp. 112–120 in Primate societies. B. Smuts, D. Cheney, R. Seyfarth, R. Wrangham. University of Chicago Press.
  • Zinner, D., T. Deschner. (2000) "Sexual swellings in female hamadryas baboons after male take-overs: 'Deceptive' swellings as a possible female counter-strategy against infanticideticide". American Journal of Primatology, 52(4): 157-168.
  • Kummer, H. "A Male Dominated Society: The Hamadryas Baboon of Cone Rock, Ethiopia.", pg 376-377 of The Encyclopedia of Mammals, 2nd edition (2001) MacDonald, D. (ed) Oxford University Press.
  • Swedell L (2002) "Affiliation among females in wild hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas)". International Journal of Primatology 23(6): 1205-1226.
  • Swedell, L.(2002):b "Ranging Behavior, Group Size and Behavioral Flexibility in Ethiopian Hamadryas Baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas)". Folia Primotal., 73:95-103.
  • Swedell L, Tesfaye T (2003) "Infant Mortality After Takeovers in Wild Ethiopian Hamadryas Baboons". American Journal of Primatology 60(3): 113-118.
  • Swedell, L. 2006. Strategies of Sex and Survival in Hamadryas Baboons: Through a Female Lens. Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Swedell L, Saunders J (2006) "Infant Mortality, Paternity Certainty, and Female Reproductive Strategies in Hamadryas Baboons". In Reproduction and Fitness in Baboons: Behavioral, Ecological, and Life History Perspectives (Swedell L, Leigh SR, eds), pp 19–51. New York, Springer.
  • Schreier A, Swedell L (2009) "The Fourth Level of Social Structure in a Multi-Level Society: Ecological and Social Functions of Clans in Hamadryas Baboons", American Journal of Primatology 71(11): 1-8.
  • Swedell L, Schreier A (2009) "Male aggression towards females in hamadryas baboons: Conditioning, coercion, and control". In: Sexual Coercion in Primates and Humans: An Evolutionary Perspective on Male Aggression Against Females (Muller MN, Wrangham RW, eds), pp 244–268. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.

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