Haikouichthys

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Haikouichthys
Temporal range: 535–520Ma
Restoration
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
(unranked): Craniata
Superclass: Agnatha
Family: Myllokunmingiidae
Genus: Haikouichthys
Species
  • H. ercaicunensis Luo et al., 1999 (type)

Haikouichthys /ˌhaɪkuːˈɪkθɪs/ is an extinct genus of craniate (creatures with backbones and distinct heads) believed to have lived c. 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion of multicellular life. Haikouichthys had a defined skull and other characteristics that have led paleontologists to label it a true craniate, and even to be popularly characterized as one of the earliest fishes. Cladistic analysis indicates that the animal is probably a basal chordate or a basal craniate;[1] but it does not possess sufficient features to be included uncontroversially even in either stem group.[2][3]

Description

3D Restoration

Haikouichthys is about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long and is narrower than Myllokunmingia, another putative chordate that comes from the same beds. The holotype of Haikouichthys ercaicunensis was found in the Yuansshan member of the Qiongzhusi Formation in the 'Eoredlichia' Zone near Haikou at Ercaicun, Kunming City, Yunnan, China,[3] hence its name "Haikou fish from Ercaicun". The fossil was recovered among the Chengjiang fauna, in one of a series of Lagerstätten sites where thousands of exquisitely preserved soft-bodied fossils have already been found.[4] Following the discovery of the holotype, additional Lower Cambrian fossils of Haikouichthys ercaicunensis have been discovered.[3]

The animal has a distinct head and tail. The head has at least six and perhaps nine probable gills. There are a number of segments (myomeres) with rear directed chevrons in the tail. There is probably a notochord, although only a short segment is preserved in the single known specimen. There is a prominent dorsal fin with fin radials similar, but not comparable, to those of hagfish and lampreys.[5] The fin radials seem to angle "forward" toward the end thought on the basis of internal structures to be the head. This happens with a few modern fish but is an uncommon arrangement. There are 13 circular structures along the bottom that may be gonads, slime organs, or something else entirely.

Haikouichthys Reconstruction

In popular culture

Haikouichthys was featured in the BBC documentary Walking with Monsters as the ancestor to all vertebrates.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Cambrian/Cambrian.2.html
  2. ↑ Donoghue, P.C.J.; Purnell, M.A. (2005), "Genome duplication, extinction and vertebrate evolution", Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20 (6): 312–319, doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.008, PMID 16701387 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Shu, D. G.; Morris, S. C.; Han, J.; Zhang, Z. F.; Yasui, K.; Janvier, P.; Chen, L.; Zhang, X. L.; Liu, J. N.; Li, Y.; Liu, H. -Q. (Jan 2003), "Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys", Nature 421 (6922): 526–529, Bibcode:2003Natur.421..526S, doi:10.1038/nature01264, ISSN 0028-0836, PMID 12556891 
  4. ↑ BBC News "Oldest fossil fish caught", 4 November 1999
  5. ↑ Zhang, X.G.; Hou, X.G. (2004), "Evidence for a single median fin-fold and tail in the Lower Cambrian vertebrate, Haikouichthys ercaicunensis", Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17 (5): 1162–1166, doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00741.x, PMID 15312089 

External links

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