Hadley Cantril

Hadley Cantril (1906–1969) was an American researcher of public opinion.

Biography

Born in Utah, he was educated at Dartmouth College and received his Ph.D. from Harvard. He joined the faculty of Princeton in 1936 and later became chairman of the Princeton University Department of Psychology. He was a member of the Princeton Radio Research Project before it relocated to Columbia University during the early 1940s, and was the main author of The Invasion from Mars, an academic study of Orson Welles's 1938 radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds, which caused widespread panic. In 1940 he served as a consultant to the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.^[1] Cantril's later psychological work included collaboration with Adelbert Ames, Jr. developing a transactional method for studying human perception, as well as other research in humanistic psychology.^[2]

Public opinion research

Though trained as a psychologist, Cantril's most important work concerned the then-new topic of public opinion research. Influenced initially by the success of George Gallup and Elmo Roper during the 1936 presidential election, Cantril sought to apply their systematic polling technique to academic social psychology.^[3] Cantril was a founding editor of Public Opinion Quarterly. In 1940 he founded Princeton University's Office of Public Opinion Research.^[4] and from autumn 1940 onwards provided the Roosevelt administration with confidential information about American public opinion, particularly regarding the war in Europe.^[5] In 1942 Cantril conducted a small-sample survey of Vichy officials in Morocco, prior to Operation Torch, that revealed the intensity of the anti-British sentiment of the French forces there. This information influenced the disposition of forces during the operation, with American troops landing near Casablanca and mixed forces at Oran and Algiers.^[5]

In 1955 he founded the Institute for International Social Research (IISR) with Lloyd A. Free.^[6] Cantril had previously provided data on public opinion in America and abroad to Presidents Roosevelt and Eisenhower, and the IISR was often asked by United States government agencies to conduct small-sample public opinion polls in foreign countries.^[7] Notably, Cantril and Free conducted a poll of Cuba during 1960 demonstrating great support for Fidel Castro, which was overlooked during the presidential transition between Eisenhower and Kennedy and read only after the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco.^[6] Cantril's most-cited work is The Pattern of Human Concerns, notable for the development of the self-anchoring scale (also known as "Cantril's Ladder"). Cantril and Free also first discovered the paradox that American voters tend to oppose "big government" in general while supporting many specific liberal social programs.^{[citation needed]}

During the late 1950s, Cantril served on the International Objectives and Strategies panel of the Rockefeller Brothers' Special Studies Project.^[8]

Works

Social Psychology of Everyday Life, 1934
The Psychology of Radio (with Gordon Allport), 1935
Industrial Conflict: a Psychological Interpretation, 1939
The Invasion from Mars, a Study in the Psychology of Panic, 1940
America Faces the War, a Study in Public Opinion, 1940
Psychology of Social Movements, 1941
Gauging Public Opinion, 1944
Psychology of ego-involvements : social attitudes & identifications, 1947 (co-authored with Muzafer Sherif)
Why's of man's experience, 1950
Tensions that cause wars (a report for UNESCO), 1950
Public Opinion, 1935–1946, 1951
How Nations See Each Other, a study in public opinion, 1953 (co-authored with William Buchanan)
Perception: a Transactional Approach, 1954 (co-authored with William H. Ittelson)
On Understanding the French Left, 1956
Faith, Hope, and Heresy: the Psychology of the Protest Voter, 1958
Politics of Despair, 1958
Reflections on the Human Venture, 1960
Soviet Leaders and Mastery over Man, 1960
Human Nature and Political Systems, 1961
Pattern of Human Concerns, 1965
Political beliefs of Americans; a study of public opinion, 1967
The Human Dimension: Experiences in Policy Research, 1967
Psychology, Humanism, and Scientific Inquiry: the Selected Essays of Hadley Cantril, 1988 (posthumously)

References