HMS Engadine (1911)

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For other ships of the same name, see HMS Engadine.

Engadine at anchor, 1915, with a Short seaplane
Career (United Kingdom)
Name: SS Engadine
Owner: South East and Chatham Railway
Builder: William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton, Scotland
Launched: 23 September 1911
Completed: 1911
Fate: Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
Career (United Kingdom)
Name: HMS Engadine
Acquired: 11 August 1914
February 1915 (purchased)
Commissioned: 1 September 1914
Fate: Sold back to owners, December 1919
Career (United Kingdom)
Name: SS Engadine
Owner: South East and Chatham Railway/Southern Railway
Acquired: December 1919
Fate: Sold, 1932
Career (United States)
Owner: Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
Acquired: 1933
Renamed: SS Corregidor
Fate: Sunk by mine, 17 December 1941
General characteristics (as of 1918)
Type: Seaplane carrier
Tonnage: 1,676 gross register tons (GRT)
Displacement: 2,550 long tons (2,590 t) (deep load)
Length: 323 ft (98.5 m)
Beam: 41 ft (12.5 m)
Draught: 13 ft 8 in (4.2 m)
Installed power: 13,800 shp (10,300 kW)
6 water-tube boilers
Propulsion: 3 shafts
3 steam turbines
Speed: 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph)
Range: 1,250 nmi (2,320 km; 1,440 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement: 197
Armament: 4 × 12-pounder 12 cwt guns
2 × QF 3-pounder anti-aircraft guns
Aircraft carried: 4 × seaplanes

HMS Engadine was a seaplane tender which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during World War I. Converted from the cross-Channel packet ship SS Engadine, she was initially fitted with temporary hangars for three seaplanes for aerial reconnaissance and bombing missions in the North Sea. She participated in the unsuccessful Cuxhaven Raid in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. Engadine was transferred to the Battlecruiser Fleet in late 1915 and participated in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the Mediterranean in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. Engadine was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and was sunk with heavy loss of life by a Japanese mine in December 1941.

Description

Engadine had an overall length of 323 feet (98.5 m), a beam of 41 feet (12.5 m), and an mean draught of 13 feet 8 inches (4.2 m).[1] She displaced 2,550 long tons (2,590 t) at deep load[1] and was rated at 1,676 gross register tons (GRT). Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive steam turbines drove one propeller shaft. The ship's six boilers generated enough steam to produce 13,800 shaft horsepower (10,300 kW) from the turbines,[2] enough for a designed speed of 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph).[3] Engadine carried 400 tonnes (390 long tons) of coal,[2] enough to give her a range of 1,250 nautical miles (2,320 km; 1,440 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).[4]

Construction and service

SS Engadine was laid down by William Denny and Brothers at their Dumbarton, Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the South East and Chatham Railway's Folkestone-Boulogne run. The ship was launched on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year.[5] She was requisitioned for service by the Admiralty on 11 August 1914, and was commissioned on 1 September after she was modified to handle seaplanes by Chatham Dockyard. Three canvas hangars were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed derricks.[6] In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.[2]

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, Engadine was assigned to the Harwich Force along with the seaplane tenders Empress and Riviera.[7] On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing Zeppelin airships.[8] Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three ditched safely[8] and were recovered by a British submarine[9] and the Dutch trawler Marta van Hattem.[10]

Engadine was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty[11] and she was modified by Cunard at Liverpool from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear superstructure and a pair of cranes were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.[2] Four quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder 12 cwt guns,[Note 1] each with 130 rounds, and two Vickers QF 3-pounder anti-aircraft guns, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.[8] She also carried a pigeon loft that housed carrier pigeons to be used by her aircraft if their wireless was broken.[12]

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, Engadine and Rivieria attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoiter the River Ems and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of Engadine's three Sopwith Schneider floatplanes that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to Vice Admiral David Beatty's Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at Rosyth in October. Later that month Engadine carried out trials on high-speed towing of kite balloons for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.[13]

Battle of Jutland

Main article: Battle of Jutland

On 30 May 1916, Engadine was attached to the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron, commanded by Rear Admiral Trevylyan Napier, and carried two Short Type 184 and two Sopwith Baby floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. Engadine accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the vanguard was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' wakes was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.[14]

Beatty ordered Engadine to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant Frederick Rutland took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled Engadine that they had spotted three German cruisers and five destroyers at 15:30. These were ships from the II Scouting Group, leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to taxi to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, Moresby and Onslow, that had been ordered to protect Engadine while she was stationary had reached her. Engadine attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's flagship and the flagship of the 5th Battle Squadron, but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".[15]

The 14,000-long-ton (14,000 t) armoured cruiser Warrior had been crippled by numerous hits by German battleships around 18:30 and fell in with Engadine 10 minutes later. The former's rudder had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 Engadine attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) while her turbines were making revolutions for 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Early the following morning Warrior's progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. Captain Vincent Molteno ordered his ship abandoned after Engadine came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of Warrior's guns punctured Engadine's hull below the waterline as the former ship rolled in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller Engadine which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from capsizing. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class Albert Medal for Lifesaving in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and Warrior sank shortly afterwards.[16] Engadine remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet. She was based out of Malta for the remainder of the war.[17]

Postwar career

She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. Engadine was transferred to the Southern Railway in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the Philippines in 1933 and renamed SS Corregidor.[18] On 17 December 1941, the ship — loaded with approximately 1,200 passengers fleeing Manila — was sunk by a mine off Corregidor most likely laid by Japanese submarine I-124. American PT boats PT-32, PT-34 and PT-35 rescued 282 survivors, 7 of whom later died from injuries.[19]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Friedman, p. 364
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Layman 1989, p. 38
  3. ↑ Friedman, p. 30
  4. ↑ Hobbs, p. 22
  5. ↑ Hobbs, pp. 21, 31
  6. ↑ Friedman, pp. 30–31, Hobbs, p. 21
  7. ↑ Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Friedman, p. 32
  9. ↑ Barnes & James, p. 98
  10. ↑ "The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett". Flight. No. 315 (8 January 1915): p. 24. 8 January 1915. Retrieved 7 February 2014. 
  11. ↑ Hobbs, p. 31
  12. ↑ Hobbs, p. 32
  13. ↑ Friedman, p. 34
  14. ↑ Layman 1990, pp. 94–95
  15. ↑ Layman 1990, pp. 96–98
  16. ↑ Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101
  17. ↑ Layman 1989, p. 40
  18. ↑ Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40
  19. ↑ Cressman

References

  • Barnes, Christopher H. & James, Derek N. (1989). Shorts Aircraft Since 1900. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-819-4. 
  • Cressman, Robert (2000). "Chapter III: 1941". The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-149-3. OCLC 41977179. 
  • Friedman, Norman (1988). British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-054-8. 
  • Hobbs, David (2013). British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-138-0. 
  • Layman, R. D. (1989). Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-210-9. 
  • Layman, R. D. (1990). "Engadine at Jutland". In Gardiner, Robert. Warship 1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-903-4. 

External links

Media related to HMS Engadine at Wikimedia Commons

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