Gwyn ap Nudd
Gwyn ap Nudd (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɡwɨn ap ˈnɨːð], sometimes found with the antiquated spelling Gwynn ap Nudd) is a Welsh mythological figure, the king of the Tylwyth Teg or "fair folk" and ruler of the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. Described as a great warrior with a "blackened face", Gwyn is intimately associated with the otherworld in medieval Welsh literature, and is associated with the international tradition of the Wild Hunt.
Family
Gwyn is the son of Nudd (otherwise known as Lludd) and is consequently grandson to Beli Mawr. His siblings include Edern, a warrior who appears in a number of Arthurian texts, and Owain ap Nudd, who is mentioned briefly in Geraint and Enid. Gwyn's relationship with his sister (and lover) Creiddylad is described in Culhwch and Olwen. Through his father, Gwyn's uncles and aunts include Arianrhod, Llefelys, Penarddun, Afallach and Caswallawn. As a result, he is related both to the House of Llŷr (through his paternal aunt Penarddun) and to the House of Dôn, through his grandfather Beli.
Legends
The Abduction of Creiddylad
Gwyn plays a prominent role in the early Arthurian tale Culhwch and Olwen in which he abducts his sister Creiddylad from her betrothed, Gwythyr ap Greidawl. In retalliation, Gwythyr raised a great host against Gwyn, leading to a vicious battle between the two. Gwyn was victorious and, following the conflict, captured a number of Gwythyr's noblemen including Nwython and his son Cyledr. Gwyn would later murder Nwython, and force Cyledr to eat his father's heart. As a result of his torture at Gwyn's hands, Cyledr went mad,[1] earning the epithet Wyllt.
After the intervention of Arthur, Gwyn and Gwythr agreed to fight for Creiddylad every May Day until Judgement Day. The warrior who was victorious on this final day would at last take the maiden. This fight probably represented the contest between summer and winter and is a variant of the Holly King myth.[2] According to Culhwch and Olwen, Gwyn was "placed over the brood of devils in Annwn, lest they should destroy the present race".[3]
As part of Arthur's retinue
Before he can win Olwen's hand, Culhwch ap Cilydd must complete a number of seemingly impossible tasks given to him by Olwen's father, the giant Ysbaddaden. One of these tasks is to retrieve the comb and scissors from the head of the vicious boar, Twrch Trwyth. As it is impossible to hunt the boar without Gwyn's aid, he is called upon to join Arthur and his retinue against Twrch Trwyth. During the hunt, he is mounted on Du y Moroedd, the only horse that can carry him. Both Gwyn and Gwythyr set out with Arthur to retrieve the blood of Orddu, witch of the uplands of hell.[3]
Other Exploits
Gwyn appears prominently in the medieval poem The Dialogue of Gwyn ap Nudd and Gwyddno Garanhir, found in the Black Book of Carmarthen. In this narrative, Gwyn, returning from battle, chances upon Gwyddno, king of Cantre'r Gwaelod, and grants him his protection. Gwyn then relates his exploits on the battlefield and his role as a psychopomp, a mysterious figure who gathers the souls of fallen British warriors, such as Bran the Blessed, Meurig ap Carreian, Gwendoleu ap Ceidaw and Llacheu ab Arthur. His skill in combat is extolled in this poem; he is described as "the hope of armies" and "hero of hosts" and, when asked from which region he comes, he simply replies: "I come from battle and conflict."[4] The poem ends with Gwyn's proclamation:
| “ | I have been I have been where the soldiers of Britain were slain
From the east to the north I am the escort of the grave. I have been where the soldiers of Britain were slain. From the east to the south I am alive, they in death! [4] |
” |
His role as a psychopomp is paralleled in his later tradition as leader of the Wild Hunt, in which he leads a pack of supernatural hounds known as the Cŵn Annwn to harvest human souls. In Welsh folklore, to hear the baying of Gwyn's hounds was a portent of imminent death in the family. In The Dialogue, Gwyn is also accompanied by a hound, namely as Dormarth of the ruddy nose.
Gwyn apparently witnessed a "conflict" before Caer Vandwy, an otherworldy fortress mentioned in Preiddeu Annwfn.[4]
Later Tradition
Over time, Gwyn's role would diminish and, in later folklore, he was regarded as the king of the Tylwyth Teg, the fairies of Welsh lore. He appears as a simpler figure in Buchedd Collen (The Life of Saint Collen), in which he and his retinue are vanquished from Glastonbury Tor with the use of holy water. As late as the fourteenth century, Welsh soothsayers would invoke Gwyn's name before entering woodlands, proclaiming: "to the king of Spirits, and to his queen-- Gwyn ap Nudd, you who are yonder in the forest, for love of your mate, permit us to enter your dwelling."[5]
The celebrated fourteenth-century bard, Dafydd ap Gwilym refers to Gwyn in a number of texts, suggesting that the character was widely known in Wales during the medieval period. In Y Dylluan, he describes the eponymous owl as the "fowl of Gwyn ap Nudd", while in Y Niwl, he is described as the "trickster of men with his dark face" and his talaith (family or tribe, presumably the Tylwyth Teg) as talaith y gwynt, "the nation of the wind." Gwyn is again mentioned in Y Pwll Mawn, in which the bard tells an unfortunate autobiographical account in which he and his horse were almost drowned in a lake, described as the "fish lake of Gwyn ap Nudd" and "the palace of the elves and their children."
Gwyn is often associated with the Wild Hunt, in a role akin to Woden or Herne the Hunter. Some traditions name Gwyn's chief huntsman as Iolo ap Huw, who, every Halloween, "may be found cheering Cŵn Annwn over Cader Idris".[6]
Etymology
Gwyn means "fair, bright, white", cognate with the Irish fionn.[7] As such, he has some connection to the Irish hero Fionn mac Cumhail, whose grandfather was Nuada. The name of his father Nudd/Lludd appears to be cognate with the Gaulish deity Nodens.[8]
Gwyn is in everyday use as a common noun and adjective: it also remains a popular personal name. The Brythonic form of this name would have been *Windos, the name of a Celtic deity in ancient Gaul. Especially in Old and Middle Welsh, "gwyn" also has the connotations of "pure, sacred, holy". The feminine form, Gwen, is the root of Gwenhwyfar, the original Welsh form of Guinevere.
References
- ↑ Davies, Sioned, The Mabinogion. 2007, p. 207
- ↑ The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth. Robert Graves. Octagon Books. 1978. ISBN 0-374-93239-5, ISBN 978-0-374-93239-8
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Culhwch ac Olwen, translated by Lady Charlotte Guest and sub-edited by Mary Jones.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Dialogue of Gwyn ap Nudd and Gwyddno Garanhir
- ↑ Medieval folklore: an encyclopedia of myths, legends, tales, beliefs, and customs ed. Carl Lindahl, John McNamara, John Lindow. Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 190
- ↑ Rhys, John. Celtic folklore: Welsh and Manx. p. 180-181
- ↑ Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, University of Wales. "Proto-Celtic—English lexicon." (See also this page for background and disclaimers.)
- ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien. 1932. "Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London" (quoted here).
External links
- Vindos : etymology and history of Vindos as related to Gwynn ap Nudd and Fionn mac Cumhaill
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