Guichard Joseph Duverney

Plate by Jacques Gautier d'Argoty, showing the muscles of the head, published in 1747 in Du Verney's Myologie complete en couleur et grandeur naturelle

Guichard Joseph Duverney or Joseph-Guichard Du Verney (5 August 1648 – 10 September 1730) was a French anatomist.

Biography

Du Verney was a native of Feurs in the province of Forez.

He studied medicine in Avignon, where in 1667 he obtained his medical degree. Shortly afterwards, he relocated to Paris. In 1676 he became a member of the Académie des sciences. He is considered by many to be the founder of scientific otology.^[1]

He is remembered for his anatomical exhibitions at the Jardin du Roi, where in 1682, he was given a professorship. His lectures became an attraction for the lay public.

Alongside Claude Perrault (1613-1688) and Jean Pecquet (1622-1674), he was influential in the renewal of anatomical studies. Some of his students attained notoriety: Pierre Dionis (1643-1718), Jacques-Bénigne Winslow (1669-1760), Jean-Baptiste Sénac (1693-1770) and François-Joseph Hunauld (1701-1742).

He was sent, with Philippe de La Hire (1640-1718), to study the fish off the coast of Brittany in 1680. In 1681, he dissected an elephant before king Louis XIV.

Contributions to science

Duverney published one of the earliest comprehensive works on otology (Paris, 1683): Traité de l'organe de l'ouie, contenant la structure, les usages et les maladies de toutes les parties de l'oreille (Treatise on the organ of hearing, containing the structure, function, and diseases of all parts of the ear). In the book he discusses the anatomy, physiology and diseases associated with the ear.

Duverney's theory of hearing (which he conceived with the help of physicist Edme Mariotte)^[2] was fundamentally similar to what physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) later proposed in the mid-19th century, except that he thought that high frequency would resonate near the apex of the cochlea, and low frequencies near the base (Domenico Cotugno had to turn this around in 1760).^[3]

In 1683, Duverney identified a temporal bone tumor, which is believed to be the earliest description of cholesteatoma. He realized the importance of the Eustachian tube and its role in adjusting air pressure in the tympanic cavity. However, he believed that the Eustachian tube was always open, acting as a vent to the air, when the eardrum moves in and out.

Duverney's clinical work led to the posthumous publication of: Maladies des os ("Diseases of the bones"), a book containing a description of the eponymous "Duverney fracture" and the first full description of osteoporosis.^[4]

Selection of works

• Myologie complete en couleur et grandeur naturelle, composée de l'Essai et de la Suite de l'Essai d'anatomie en tableaux imprimés (1746)
• Anatomie de la tête, en tableaux imprimés qui représentent au naturel le cerveau sous différentes coupes, la distribution des vaisseaux dans toutes les parties de la tête, les organes des sens et une partie de la névrologie, d'après les pièces disséquées et préparées par M. Duverney, en 8 grandes planches dessinées, peintes, gravées et imprimées en couleur et grandeur naturelle, par le sieur Gautier (1748) (Anatomy of the head)
• Abrégé d'anatomie, accommodé aux arts de peinture et de sculpture et mis dans un ordre nouveau dont la méthode est très facile et débarrassée de toutes les difficultés et les choses inutiles, qui ont toujours été un grand obstacle aux peintres […] (1765) (Short treatise of anatomy for painters and sculptors. With Roger de Piles (1635-1709) and François Tortebat (1616?-1690))

Notes

Further reading

• Gascoigne, Robert Mortimer. A chronology of the history of science, 1450-1900. New York, Garland, 1987, xi + 585 p. ISBN 0-8240-9106-X
• NCBI National Library of Medicine; Guichard Joseph Duverney
• Parts of this article are based on a translation of the equivalent article from the French Wikipedia.