Grumman TBF Avenger

The Grumman TBF Avenger (designated TBM for aircraft manufactured by General Motors) was a torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, and eventually used by several air or naval arms around the world.

The Avenger entered U.S. service in 1942, and first saw action during the Battle of Midway. Despite the loss of five of the six Avengers on its combat debut, it survived in service to become one of the outstanding torpedo bombers of World War II. Greatly modified after the war, it remained in use until the 1960s.^[1]

Design and development

Douglas' TBD Devastator, the U.S. Navy's main torpedo bomber introduced in 1935, was obsolete by 1939. Bids were accepted from several companies but Grumman's TBF design was selected as the TBD's replacement and two prototypes were ordered by the Navy in April 1940. Designed by Leroy Grumman, the first prototype was called the XTBF-1.^[2] It was first flown on 7 August 1941. Although one of the first two prototypes crashed near Brentwood, New York, rapid production continued.

Grumman's first torpedo bomber was the heaviest single-engined aircraft of World War II, and only the USAAF's P-47 Thunderbolt came close to equalling it in maximum loaded weight among all single-engined fighters, only being some 400 lb (181 kg) lighter than the TBF, by the end of World War II. The Avenger was the first design to feature a new "compound angle" wing-folding mechanism created by Grumman, intended to maximize storage space on an aircraft carrier; the F4F-4 and later models of Wildcat received a similar folding wing and the F6F Hellcat (both designed by Grumman) employed this mechanism as well. The engine used was the Wright R-2600-20 Cyclone 14 twin-row radial engine (which produced 1,900 hp/1,417 kW). The aircraft took 25 gallons of oil and used one gallon per minute at start-up.^{[citation needed]}

There were three crew members: pilot, turret gunner and radioman/bombardier/ventral gunner. One .30 caliber machine gun was mounted in the nose, a .50 caliber (12.7 mm) gun was mounted right next to the turret gunner's head in a rear-facing electrically powered turret, and a single .30 caliber hand-fired machine gun mounted ventrally (under the tail), which was used to defend against enemy fighters attacking from below and to the rear. This gun was fired by the radioman/bombardier while standing up and bending over in the belly of the tail section, though he usually sat on a folding bench facing forward to operate the radio and to sight in bombing runs. Later models of the TBF/TBM dispensed with the nose-mounted gun for one .50 caliber gun in each wing per pilots' requests for better forward firepower and increased strafing ability. There was only one set of controls on the aircraft, and no access to the pilot's position from the rest of the aircraft. The radio equipment was massive, especially by today's standards, and filled the whole glass canopy to the rear of the pilot. The radios were accessible for repair through a "tunnel" along the right hand side. Any Avengers that are still flying today usually have an additional rear-mounted seat in place of the radios, allowing for a fourth passenger.

The Avenger had a large bomb bay, allowing for one Bliss-Leavitt Mark 13 torpedo, a single 2,000 pound (907 kg) bomb, or up to four 500 pound (227 kg) bombs. The aircraft had overall ruggedness and stability, and pilots say it flew like a truck, for better or worse. With its good radio facilities, docile handling, and long range, the Grumman Avenger also made an ideal command aircraft for Commanders, Air Group (CAGs). With a 30,000 ft (10,000 m) ceiling and a fully loaded range of 1,000 mi (1,610 km), it was better than any previous American torpedo bomber, and better than its Japanese counterpart, the obsolete Nakajima B5N "Kate". Later Avenger models carried radar equipment for the ASW and AEW roles. Although improvements in new types of aviation radar were soon forthcoming from the engineers at MIT and the electronic industry, the available radars in 1943 were very bulky, because they contained vacuum tube technology. Because of this, radar was at first carried only on the roomy TBF Avengers, but not on the smaller and faster fighters.

Escort carrier sailors referred to the TBF as the "turkey" because of its size and maneuverability in comparison to the F4F Wildcat fighters in CVE airgroups.^[3]

Operational history

On the afternoon of 7 December 1941, Grumman held a ceremony to open a new manufacturing plant and display the new TBF to the public. Coincidentally, on that day, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, as Grumman soon found out. After the ceremony was over, the plant was quickly sealed off to guard against possible sabotage. By early June 1942, a shipment of more than 100 aircraft was sent to the Navy, ironically arriving only a few hours after the three carriers quickly departed from Pearl Harbor, so most of them were too late to participate in the pivotal Battle of Midway.

Six TBF-1s were present on Midway Island—as part of VT-8 (Torpedo Squadron 8)—while the rest of the squadron flew Devastators from the Hornet. Unfortunately, both types of torpedo bombers suffered heavy casualties. Out of the six Avengers, five were shot down and the other returning heavily damaged with one of its gunners killed, and the other gunner and the pilot injured. Nonetheless, the US torpedo bombers were credited with drawing away the Japanese combat air patrols so the American dive bombers could successfully hit the Japanese carriers.

Author Gordon Prange posited in Miracle at Midway that the outdated Devastators (and lack of new aircraft) contributed somewhat to the lack of a complete victory at Midway (the four Japanese fleet carriers were sunk directly by dive bombers instead). Others pointed out that the inexperienced American pilots and lack of fighter cover were responsible for poor showing of US torpedo bombers, regardless of type.^[4] Later in the war, with improving American air superiority, attack coordination, and more veteran pilots, Avengers were able to play vital roles in the subsequent battles against Japanese surface forces.^[5]

On 24 August 1942, the next major naval battle occurred at the Eastern Solomons. Based on the carriers Saratoga and Enterprise, the 24 TBFs present were able to sink the Japanese light carrier Ryūjō and claim one dive bomber, at the cost of seven aircraft.

The first major "prize" for the TBFs (which had been assigned the name "Avenger" in October 1941,^[6][7] before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor) was at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in November 1942, when Marine Corps and Navy Avengers helped sink the battleship Hiei, which had already been crippled the night before.

After hundreds of the original TBF-1 models were built, the TBF-1C began production. The allotment of space for specialized internal and wing-mounted fuel tanks doubled the Avenger's range. By 1943, Grumman began to slowly phase out production of the Avenger to produce F6F Hellcat fighters, and the Eastern Aircraft Division of General Motors took over production, with these aircraft being designated TBM. The Eastern Aircraft plant was located in North Tarrytown (renamed Sleepy Hollow in 1996), New York. Grumman delivered a TBF-1, held together with sheet metal screws, so that the automotive engineers could disassemble it, a part at a time, and redesign the aircraft for automotive style production. This aircraft was known as the "P-K Avenger" (P-K = Parker-Kalon, manufacturer of sheet metal screws). Starting in mid-1944, the TBM-3 began production (with a more powerful powerplant and wing hardpoints for drop tanks and rockets). The dash-3 was the most numerous of the Avengers (with about 4,600 produced). However, most of the Avengers in service were dash-1s until near the end of the war in 1945.

Besides the traditional surface role (torpedoing surface ships), Avengers claimed about 30 submarine kills, including the cargo submarine I-52. They were one of the most effective sub-killers in the Pacific theatre, as well as in the Atlantic, when escort carriers were finally available to escort Allied convoys. There, the Avengers contributed to the warding off of German U-Boats while providing air cover for the convoys.

After the "Marianas Turkey Shoot", in which more than 250 Japanese aircraft were downed, Admiral Marc Mitscher ordered a 220-aircraft mission to find the Japanese task force. At the extreme end of their range (300 nmi (560 km) out), the group of Hellcats, TBF/TBMs, and dive bombers took many casualties. However, Avengers from the Independence-class light aircraft carrier USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24) torpedoed the light carrier Hiyō as their only major prize. Mitscher's gamble did not pay off as well as he had hoped.

In June 1943, future-President George H.W. Bush became the youngest naval aviator at the time.^[8] While flying a TBM with VT-51 (from the USS San Jacinto (CVL-30)), his TBM was shot down on 2 September 1944 over the Pacific island of Chichi Jima.^[9] Both of his crewmates died. However, he released his payload and hit the target before being forced to bail out; he received the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Another famous Avenger aviator was Paul Newman, who flew as a rear gunner. He had hoped to be accepted for pilot training, but did not qualify because of being color blind. Newman was on board the escort carrier Hollandia roughly 500 mi (800 km) from Japan when the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima.^[10]

The Avenger was the type of torpedo bomber used during the sinking of the two Japanese "super battleships": the Musashi and the Yamato.^[5][11]

The Avenger was also used by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm where it was initially known as the "Tarpon" however this name was later discontinued and the Avenger name used instead, as part of the process of the Fleet Air Arm universally adopting the U.S. Navy's names for American naval aircraft. The first 402 aircraft were known as Avenger Mk 1, 334 TBM-1s from Grumman were the Avenger Mk II and 334 TBM-3 the Mark III.

The only other operator in World War II was the Royal New Zealand Air Force which used the type primarily as a bomber, operating from South Pacific Island bases. Some of these were transferred to the British Pacific Fleet.

During World War II, the US aeronautical research arm NACA used a complete Avenger in a comprehensive drag-reduction study in their large Langley wind tunnel.^[12] The resulting NACA Technical Report shows the impressive results available if practical aircraft did not have to be "practical".

In 1945, Avengers were involved in pioneering trials of aerial topdressing in New Zealand that led to the establishment of an industry which markedly increased food production and efficiency in farming worldwide. Pilots of the Royal New Zealand Air Force's 42 Squadron spread fertilizer from Avengers beside runways at Ohakea air base and provided a demonstration for farmers at Hood aerodrome, Masterton, New Zealand.^[13]

The postwar disappearance of a flight of American Avengers, known as Flight 19, was later added to the Bermuda Triangle legend.

100 USN TBM-3Es were supplied to the Fleet Air Arm in 1953 under the US Mutual Defense Assistance Program. The aircraft were shipped from Norfolk, Virginia, many aboard the Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Perseus. The Avengers were fitted with British equipment by Scottish Aviation and delivered as the Avenger AS.4 to several FAA squadrons including No. 767, 814, 815, 820 and 824. The aircraft were replaced from 1954 by Fairey Gannets and were passed to squadrons of the Royal Naval Reserve including No. 1841 and 1844 until the RNR was disbanded. The survivors were transferred to the French Navy in 1957–1958.

One of the primary postwar users of the Avenger was the Royal Canadian Navy, which obtained 125 former US Navy TBM-3E Avengers from 1950 to 1952 to replace their venerable Fairey Fireflies. By the time the Avengers were delivered, the RCN was shifting its primary focus to anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and the aircraft was rapidly becoming obsolete as an attack platform. Consequently, 98 of the RCN Avengers were fitted with an extensive number of novel ASW modifications, including radar, electronic countermeasures (ECM) equipment, and sonobuoys, and the upper ball turret was replaced with a sloping glass canopy that was better suited for observation duties. The modified Avengers were designated AS 3. A number of these aircraft were later fitted with a large magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) boom on the rear left side of the fuselage and were redesignated AS 3M. However, RCN leaders soon realized the Avenger's shortcomings as an ASW aircraft, and in 1954 they elected to replace the AS 3 with the Grumman S-2 Tracker, which offered longer range, greater load-carrying capacity for electronics and armament, and a second engine, a great safety benefit when flying long-range ASW patrols over frigid North Atlantic waters. As delivery of the new license-built CS2F Trackers began in 1957, the Avengers were shifted to training duties, and were officially retired in July 1960.^[14]

Camouflage research

TBM Avengers were used in wartime research into counter-illumination camouflage. The torpedo bombers were fitted with Yehudi lights, a set of forward-pointing lights automatically adjusted to match the brightness of the sky. The planes therefore appeared as bright as the sky, rather than as dark shapes. The technology, a development of the Canadian navy's diffused lighting camouflage research, allowed an Avenger to advance to within 3,000 yards (2,700 m) before being seen.^[15]

Civilian use

Many Avengers have survived into the 21st century working as spray-applicators and water-bombers throughout North America, particularly in the Canadian province of New Brunswick.

Forest Protection Limited (FPL) of Fredericton, NB once owned and operated the largest civilian fleet of Avengers in the world. FPL began operating Avengers in 1958 after purchasing 12 surplus TBM-3E aircraft from the Royal Canadian Navy.^[16] Use of the Avenger fleet at FPL peaked in 1971 when 43 aircraft were in use as both water bombers and spray aircraft.^[16] The company sold three Avengers in 2004 (C-GFPS, C-GFPM, and C-GLEJ) to museums or private collectors. The Central New Brunswick Woodsmen’s Museum has a former FPL Avenger on static display.^[17] An FPL Avenger that crashed in 1975 in southwestern New Brunswick was recovered and restored by a group of interested aviation enthusiasts and is currently on display at the Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum.^[18] FPL was still operating three Avengers in 2010 configured as water-bombers, and stationed at Miramichi Airport. One of these crashed just after takeoff on April 23, 2010, killing the pilot.^[19][20] The last FPL Avenger was retired on 26 July 2012 and sold to the Shearwater Aviation Museum in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.^[21]

There are several other Avengers in private collections around the world today.^[22] They are a popular airshow fixture in both flying and static displays.^[23]

Variants

TBF

XTBF-1

Prototypes each powered by a 1,700 hp (1,300 kW) R-2600-8 engine, second aircraft introduced the large dorsal fin. (2 built)

TBF-1

Initial production model based on the second prototype. (1,526 built)

TBF-1C

TBF-1 with provision for two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) wing guns and fuel capacity increased to 726 gal (2,748 l). (765 built)

TBF-1B

Paper designation for the Avenger I for the Royal Navy.

TBF-1D

TBF-1 conversions with centimetric radar in radome on starboard wing leading edge.

TBF-1CD

TBF-1C conversions with centimetric radar in radome on starboard wing leading edge.

TBF-1E

TBF-1 conversions with additional electronic equipment.

TBF-1J

TBF-1 equipped for bad weather operations

TBF-1L

TBF-1 equipped with retractable searchlight in bomb bay.

TBF-1P

TBF-1 conversion for photo-reconnaissance

TBF-1CP

TBF-1C conversion for photo-reconnaissance

XTBF-2

TBF-1 re-engined with a 1,900 hp (1,400 kW) XR-2600-10 engine.

XTBF-3

TBF-1 re-engined with 1,900 hp (1,400 kW) R-2600-20 engines.

TBF-3

Planned production version of the XTBF-3, cancelled

TBM

TBM-1

as TBF-1. (550 built)

TBM-1C

as TBF-1C. (2336 built)

TBM-1D

TBM-1 conversions with centimetric radar in radome on starboard wing leading edge.

TBM-1E

TBM-1 conversions with additional electronic equipment.

TBM-1J

TBM-1 equipped for all weather operations

TBM-1L

TBM-1 equipped with retractable searchlight in bomb bay.

TBM-1P

TBM-1 conversion for photo-reconnaissance

TBM-1CP

TBM-1C conversion for photo-reconnaissance

TBM-2

One TBM-1 re-engined with a 1,900 hp (1,400 kW) XR-2600-10 engine.

XTBM-3

Four TBM-1C aircraft with 1,900 hp (1,400 kW) R-2600-20 engines.

TBM-3

as TBM-1C, double cooling intakes, engine upgrade, minor changes. (4,011 built)

TBM-3D

TBM-3 conversion with centimetric radar in radome on starboard wing leading edge.

TBM-3E

as TBM-3, stronger airframe, search radar, ventral gun deleted. (646 built).

TBM-3H

TBM-3 conversion with surface search radar.

TBM-3J

TBM-3 equipped for all weather operations

TBM-3L

TBM-3 equipped with retractable searchlight in bomb bay.

TBM-3M

TBM-3 conversion as a missile launcher.

TBM-3N

TBM-3 conversion for night attack.

TBM-3P

TBM-3 conversion for photo-reconnaissance.

TBM-3Q

TBM-3 conversion for electronic countermeasures with large ventral radome.

TBM-3R

TBM-3 conversions as seven-passenger, Carrier onboard delivery transport.

TBM-3S

TBM-3 conversion as an anti-submarine strike version.

TBM-3U

TBM-3 conversion as a general utility and target version.

TBM-3W

TBM-3 conversion as an anti-Submarine search with APS-20 radar in ventral radome.

XTBM-4

Prototypes based on TBM-3E with modified wing incorporating a reinforced center section and a different folding mechanism. (3 built)

TBM-4

Production version of XTBM-4, 2,141 on order were cancelled.

Royal Navy Avenger

Avenger Mk.I

RN designation of the TBF-1, 400 delivered.

Avenger Mk.II

RN designation of the TBM-1/TBM-1C, 334 delivered.

Avenger Mk.III

RN designation of the TBM-3, 222 delivered

Avenger Mk.IV

RN designation of the TBM-3S, 70 cancelled

Avenger AS4

RN designation of the TBM-3S, 100 delivered postwar

Royal Canadian Navy Avengers

Avenger AS3

Modified by RCN for anti-submarine duty, dorsal gun turret removed, 98 built

Avenger AS3M

AS3 with magnetic anomaly detector boom added to rear fuselage

Operators

 Brazil

• Brazilian Navy operated three Avengers in the 1950s for deck crew training aboard the carrier Minas Gerais (A-11).

 Canada

• Royal Canadian Navy operated Avengers until replaced by the CS2F Tracker in 1960.

 France

• Aéronavale operated Avengers in 1950s.

 Japan

• Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force operated Hunter-Killer Avengers groups in 1950s and 1960s.

 Netherlands

• Royal Netherlands Navy - the Dutch Naval Aviation Service operated Avengers during the 1950s.

 New Zealand

• Royal New Zealand Air Force
  • No. 30 Squadron RNZAF
  • No. 31 Squadron RNZAF
  • No. 41 Squadron RNZAF
  • No. 42 Squadron RNZAF
  • Central Fighter Establishment

 United Kingdom

• Royal Navy - Fleet Air Arm
  • 820 Naval Air Squadron
  • 828 Naval Air Squadron
  • 832 Naval Air Squadron
  • 845 Naval Air Squadron
  • 846 Naval Air Squadron
  • 848 Naval Air Squadron
  • 849 Naval Air Squadron
  • 850 Naval Air Squadron
  • 851 Naval Air Squadron
  • 852 Naval Air Squadron
  • 853 Naval Air Squadron
  • 854 Naval Air Squadron
  • 855 Naval Air Squadron
  • 856 Naval Air Squadron
  • 857 Naval Air Squadron

 United States

• United States Navy
• United States Marine Corps

 Uruguay

• Uruguayan Navy operated Avengers in 1950s.

Notable incident

The most famous incident involving the Avenger aircraft was the disappearance of Flight 19, a squadron of five Avengers lost in December 1945 over the Bermuda Triangle.

Survivors

Specifications (TBF Avenger)

Data from ^{[citation needed]}

General characteristics

• Crew: 3
• Length: 40 ft 11.5 in (12.48 m)
• Wingspan: 54 ft 2 in^[24] (16.51 m)
• Height: 15 ft 5 in (4.70 m)
• Wing area: 490.02 ft² (45.52 m²)
• Empty weight: 10,545 lb (4,783 kg)
• Loaded weight: 17,893 lb (8,115 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-2600-20 radial engine, 1,900 hp (1,420 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 275 mph^[25] (442 km/h)
• Range: 1,000 mi (1,610 km)
• Service ceiling: 30,100 ft (9,170 m)
• Rate of climb: 2,060 ft/min (10.5 m/s)
• Wing loading: 36.5 ft·lbf² (178 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.11 hp/lb (0.17 kW/kg)

Armament

• Guns:
  
  • 1 × 0.30 in (7.62 mm) nose-mounted M1919 Browning machine gun(on early models)
  • 2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) wing-mounted M2 Browning machine guns
  • 1 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) dorsal-mounted M2 Browning machine gun
  • 1 × 0.30 in (7.62 mm) ventral-mounted M1919 Browning machine gun
• Rockets:
  
  • up to eight 3.5-Inch Forward Firing Aircraft Rockets, 5-Inch Forward Firing Aircraft Rockets or High Velocity Aerial Rockets
• Bombs:
  
  • Up to 2,000 lb (907 kg) of bombs or
  • 1 × 2,000 lb (907 kg) Mark 13 torpedo

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Consolidated TBY Sea Wolf
• Douglas TBD Devastator
• Douglas XTB2D Skypirate
• Fairey Barracuda
• Fairey Spearfish
• Nakajima B5N
• Nakajima B6N

Related lists

• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of military aircraft of the United States

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to TBF Avenger.

• The Avenger
• Walkaround
• History.navy.mil "Flight 19"
• American Air Power Museum
• 1945 dated manual AN-01-190EB-1 Pilots Handbook of Flight Operating Instructions Navy Model TBM-3 Airplane
• Spherical panoramas, inside and out, of TBM Refurb, Valiant Air Command, Titusville, FL

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