Group 9 element

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Group 9 in the periodic table

IUPAC group number	9
Name by element	cobalt group
CAS group number (US)	part of VIIIB
old IUPAC number (European)	part of VIII

↓ Period

Cobalt (Co)
27 Transition metal

Image: Rhodium, powder, pressed, remelted 99,99%

Rhodium (Rh)
45 Transition metal

Iridium (Ir)
77 Transition metal

Meitnerium (Mt)
109 unknown chemical properties

Legend

primordial element

synthetic element

Atomic number color:

black=solid

Group 9, numbered by IUPAC nomenclature, is a group of chemical element in the periodic table. Members are cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir) and meitnerium (Mt). These are all transition metals in the d-block. All known isotopes of meitnerium are radioactive with short half-lives, and it is not known to occur in nature; only minute quantities have been synthesized in laboratories.

Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in electron configuration, especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior; however, rhodium deviates from the pattern.

Chemistry

Z	Element	No. of electrons/shell
27	cobalt	2, 8, 15, 2
45	rhodium	2, 8, 18, 16, 1
77	iridium	2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2
109	meitnerium	2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2

Meitnerium has not been isolated in pure form, and its properties have not been conclusively observed; only cobalt, rhodium, and iridium have had their properties experimentally confirmed. All three elements are typical silvery-white transition metals, hard, and have high melting and boiling points.

History

Cobalt has been discovered in Egyptian and Persian artifacts from before the 2nd millennium BCE. Rhodium was discovered in 1803 when William Hyde Wollaston dissolved platinum ore in aqua regia, then neutralized the acid with sodium hydroxide. Wollaston then added ammonium chloride, and dissolved all metals except rhodium and palladium with the nitric acid in the aqua regia. Iridium was discovered in a very similar way in 1804 by Smithson Tennant. Meitnerium was discovered in 1982 by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58.

Occurrence

All group 9 elements are relatively rare in the earth's crust, with the most abundant, cobalt, only accounting for 0.0029% of the Earth's crust. Rhodium and iridium are two of the rarest naturally occurring elements in the earth, only found in platinum ores. Meitnerium has only been produced in nuclear reactors and has never been observed in nature nor isolated in pure form.

Production

Precautions

Biological role

Cobalt is an essential trace nutrient to all animals, found in vitamin B-12. Rhodium, iridium, and meitnerium have no known biological roles.

Applications

Alloys with other metals, primarily to add corrosion and wear resistance
Industrial Catalysts
Superalloys
Electrical Components

v t e Periodic tables

Standard form	Periodic table Compact Large f-block in-line, large

Extended form	Extension beyond the 7th period Pyykkö model compact Extended form, large Pyykkö model

Alternative structure	Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet table compact

Element properties	Atomic weights Crystal structure Dietary elements Electron affinities Electron configurations Electronegativity by Allen scale Electronegativity by Pauling scale Goldschmidt classification Maximum valences Nutritional elements Platinum group metals (PGM) Rare earth elements Refractory metals

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Groups	1 (Alkali metals) 2 (Alkaline earth metals) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (Boron group) 14 (Carbon group) 15 (Pnictogens) 16 (Chalcogens) 17 (Halogens) 18 (Noble gases)

Metals–nonmetals	Metals Metalloids dividing line Nonmetals Subgroups: Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka-superactinides Transition metals Metalloids Poor metals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases

Blocks	s-block p-block d-block f-block g-block

Periods	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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History	Element discoveries History of the periodic table Name etymology controversies places scientists

See also	Dmitri Mendeleev Collective names of groups of like elements IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name

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