Group (periodic table)
In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. There are 18 numbered groups in the standard periodic table, including the d-block elements, but excluding the f-block elements. The elements in a group have similar physical or chemical characteristic of the outermost electron shells of their atoms (i.e., the same core charge), as most chemical properties are dominated by the orbital location of the outermost electron. There are three systems of group numbering. The modern numbering group 1 to group 18 is recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It replaces two older naming schemes that were mutually confusing. Also, groups may be identified by their topmost element, like oxygen group (group 16) and some groups have a specific name, like chalcogen (group 16).
CAS and old IUPAC numbering
Two earlier group number systems exist: CAS and old IUPAC. Both use numerals (Arabic or Roman) and letters A and B. Both systems agree on the numbers. The numbers indicate approximately the highest oxidation number of the elements in that group, and so indicate similar chemistry with other elements with the same numeral. The number proceeds in a linearly increasing fashion for the most part, once on the left of the table, and once on the right (see List of oxidation states of the elements), with some irregularities in the transition metals. However, the two systems use the letters differently. For example, Potassium (K) has one valence electron. Therefore, it is located in group 1. Calcium (Ca) is in group 2, for it contains two valence electrons. The rules apply differently for transition metals.
In the old IUPAC system the letters A and B were designated to the left (A) and right (B) part of the table, while in the CAS system the letters A and B are designated to main group elements (A) and transition elements (B). The old IUPAC system was frequently used in Europe while the CAS is most common in America. The new IUPAC scheme was developed to replace both systems as they confusingly used the same names to mean different things. The new system simply numbers the groups increasingly from left to right on the standard periodic table. The IUPAC proposal was first circulated in 1985 for public comments,[1] and was later included as part of the 1990 edition of the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry.[2]
Group names
The periodic table groups are as follows:[1][3]
Groups in the periodic table | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group number | 1 | 2 | 3b | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
CAS (US) | IA | IIA | IIIB | IVB | VB | VIB | VIIB | VIIIB | IB | IIB | IIIA | IVA | VA | VIA | VIIA | VIIIA | |||
old IUPAC (European) | IA | IIA | IIIA | IVA | VA | VIA | VIIA | VIII | IB | IIB | IIIB | IVB | VB | VIB | VIIB | Group 0 | |||
Trivial name | Alkali metals | Alkaline earth metals | Coinage metalsc | Volatile metalsc | Icosagensc | Crystallogensc | Pnictogens | Chalcogens | Halogens | Noble gases | |||||||||
Name by element | Lithium group | Beryllium group | Scandium group | Titanium group | Vanadium group | Chromium group | Manganese group | Iron group | Cobalt group | Nickel group | Copper group | Zinc group | Boron group | Carbon group | Nitrogen group | Oxygen group | Fluorine group | Helium or Neon group | |
Period 1 | Ha | He | |||||||||||||||||
Period 2 | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||
Period 3 | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | |||||||||||
Period 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |
Period 5 | Rb | Sr | f-blockb | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
Period 6 | Cs | Ba | lanthanides | Lub | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
Period 7 | Fr | Ra | actinides | Lrb | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Uut | Fl | Uup | Lv | Uus | Uuo |
a Hydrogen (H), while placed in column 1, is not considered to be an alkali metal. | |||||||||||||||||||
b Group 3: depending on the source: Lutetium (Lu) and Lawrencium (Lr) may be included; the f-block (with 14 lanthanides and 14 actinides) may be included. | |||||||||||||||||||
c This group name is not recommended by IUPAC. | |||||||||||||||||||
Large version |
New IUPAC numbering | CAS (American) | Old IUPAC (European) | Name by element | Specific name | note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | IA | IA | lithium family | alkali metals | Hydrogen is in this column, but not considered to be an alkali metal |
Group 2 | IIA | IIA | beryllium family | alkaline earth metals | |
Group 3 | IIIB | IIIA | scandium family | Consisting of rare earth elements plus actinides | |
Group 4 | IVB | IVA | titanium family | ||
Group 5 | VB | VA | vanadium family | ||
Group 6 | VIB | VIA | chromium family | ||
Group 7 | VIIB | VIIA | manganese family | ||
Group 8 | VIIIB | VIII | iron family | ||
Group 9 | VIIIB | VIII | cobalt family | ||
Group 10 | VIIIB | VIII | nickel family | ||
Group 11 | IB | IB | copper family | coinage metals | The name coinage metals is not IUPAC-recommended |
Group 12 | IIB | IIB | zinc family | volatile metals | The name volatile metals is not IUPAC-recommended |
Group 13 | IIIA | IIIB | boron family | triels, icosagens | triels from Greek tri (three, III), the name icosagens is not IUPAC-recommended |
Group 14 | IVA | IVB | carbon family | tetrels, crystallogens | tetrels from Greek tetra (four, IV), the name crystallogens is not IUPAC-recommended |
Group 15 | VA | VB | nitrogen family | pnictogens | |
Group 16 | VIA | VIB | oxygen family | chalcogens | |
Group 17 | VIIA | VIIB | fluorine family | halogens | |
Group 18 | VIIIA | Group 0 | helium family or neon family | noble gases, aerogens |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fluck, E. (1988). "New Notations in the Periodic Table". Pure Appl. Chem. (IUPAC) 60 (3): 431–436. doi:10.1351/pac198860030431. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
- ↑ Leigh, G. J. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: Recommendations 1990. Blackwell Science, 1990. ISBN 0-632-02494-1.
- ↑ IUPAC (2005). "nomenclature of innorganic chemistry". p. 51. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
Further reading
- Scerri, E. R. (2007). The periodic table, its story and its significance. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530573-9.