Graphium (butterfly)
Graphium | |
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Macleay's Swallowtail (Graphium macleayanus) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Family: | Papilionidae |
Tribe: | Leptocircini |
Genus: | Graphium Scopoli, 1777 |
Species | |
>100; see text | |
Synonyms | |
| |
Graphium is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails, kite swallowtails, or ladies. Native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania, the genus is represented by over 100 species. Their coloration is as variable as the habitats they frequent; from rainforest to savannah. Some possess tails which may be long and swordlike, while others lack any hindwing extensions. Graphium species are often sighted at mud puddles.
The more colourful species are popular with collectors and are commonly seen mounted in frames for sale. Well-known species include the Tailed Jay (Graphium agamemnon); Common Bluebottle (G. sarpedon); and the Purple-spotted Swallowtail (G. weiskei). One species, G. idaeoides, is notable for being a perfect mimic of the danainid Idea leuconoe. The genus Protographium is closely related to Graphium.
Larvae feed variously on Annonaceae (most commonly), Magnoliaceae ( commonly), Lauraceae ( commonly), Rutaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Bombacaceae, Piperaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Malpighiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Guttiferae, Monimiaceae, Pandanaceae, Winteraceae, Euphorbiaceae.
Species
Subgenus Idaides:
- The codrus species-group:
- Graphium anthedon (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – Wallacea Bluebottle
- Graphium cloanthus (Westwood, 1841) – Glassy Bluebottle
- Graphium codrus (Cramer, [1777]) – Eastern Olive Triangle
- ?Graphium empedocles (Fabricius, 1787)
- Graphium empedovana (Corbet, 1941)
- Graphium gelon (Boisduval, 1859)
- Graphium macleayanus (Leach, 1814) – Macleay's Swallowtail
- Graphium mendana (Godman & Salvin, 1888)
- Graphium monticolus (Fruhstorfer, 1896) – Sulawesi Blue Triangle
- ?Graphium protensor (Gistel,1857) Papilio protensor Gistel, J.,1857 Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Theire charakterisirt von Doctor Johannes Gistel Vacuna 2(2):513-606. synonym of Graphium sarpedon
- Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – Common Bluebottle or Blue Triangle
- Graphium stresemanni (Rothschild, 1916)
- Graphium weiskei (Ribbe, 1900) – Purple Spotted Swallowtail
- The eurypylus species-group:
- Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) – Tailed Jay or Green-spotted Triangle
- Graphium arycles (Boisduval, 1836) – Spotted Jay
- Graphium bathycles (Zinken, 1831) – Veined Jay
- Graphium chironides (Honrath, 1884)
- Graphium doson (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – Common Jay
- Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Great Jay or Pale Green Triangle
- Graphium evemon (Boisduval, 1836) – Lesser Jay
- Graphium leechi (Rothschild, 1895)
- Graphium macfarlanei (Butler, 1877) – Green Triangle Butterfly or Green Triangle
- Graphium meeki (Rothschild & Jordan, 1901) – Meek's Graphium
- Graphium meyeri (Hopffer, 1874)
- Graphium procles (Grose-Smith, 1887)
- The wallacei species-group:
- Graphium browni (Godman & Salvin, 1879
- Graphium hicetaon (Mathew, 1886)
- Graphium sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977 – Apo Swallowtail
- Graphium wallacei (Hewitson, 1858)
Subgenus Arisbe Hübner, [1819]:
- The antheus species-group:
- Graphium antheus (Cramer, [1779]) – Large Striped Swordtail
- Graphium evombar (Boisduval, 1836)
- The policenes species-group:
- Graphium biokoensis Gauthier, 1984 – Gauthier's Striped Swordtail
- Graphium colonna (Ward, 1873) – Black Swordtail or Mamba Swordtail
- Graphium gudenusi (Rebel, 1911)
- Graphium illyris (Hewitson, 1872) - Cream-banded Swordtail
- Graphium junodi (Trimen, 1893) – Junod's Swordtail
- Graphium kirbyi (Hewitson, 1872) – Kirby's Swordtail
- Graphium liponesco (Suffert, 1904)
- Graphium policenes (Cramer, [1775]) – Small Striped Swortail or Common Swordtail
- Graphium policenoides (Holland, 1892)
- Graphium polistratus (Grose-Smith, 1889) – Dancing Swordtail
- Graphium porthaon (Hewitson, 1865) – Coastal Swordtail, Cream-striped Swordtail, or Dark swordtail
- The angolanus species-group:
- Graphium angolanus (Goeze, 1779) – Angola White Lady (Swordtail)
- Graphium endochus (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium morania (Angas, 1849) – White Lady (Swallowtail) or Small White-lady Swordtail
- Graphium ridleyanus (White, 1843) - Acraea Swordtail
- Graphium schaffgotschi (Niepelt, 1927) – Schaffgotsch's Swordtail
- Graphium taboranus (Oberthür, 1886)
- The leonidas species-group:
- Graphium cyrnus (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium leonidas (Fabricius, 1793) – Veined Swordtail, Veined Swallowtail, or Common Graphium
- Graphium levassori Oberthür, 1890
- The tynderaeus species-group:
- Graphium tynderaeus (Fabricius, 1793) – Electric Green Swordtail or Green-spotted Swallowtail
- Graphium latreillianus (Godart, 1819) – Coppery Swordtail
- The philonoe species-group:
- Graphium philonoe (Ward, 1873) – Eastern White-lady Swordtail, Eastern Graphium, White-dappled Swallowtail
- The adamastor species-group:
- Graphium abri Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001
- Graphium adamastor (Boisduval, 1836) – Boisduval's White-lady
- Graphium agamedes (Westwood, 1842) – Westwood's White-lady or Glassy Graphium
- Graphium almansor (Honrath, 1884) – Almansor White-lady Swordtail, Honrath's White-lady
- Graphium auriger (Butler, 1876)
- Graphium aurivilliusi (Seeldrayers, 1896)
- Graphium fulleri (Grose-Smith, 1883)
- Graphium hachei (Dewitz, 1881)
- Graphium kigoma Carcasson, 1964
- Graphium olbrechtsi Berger, 1950
- Graphium poggianus (Honrath, 1884)
- Graphium rileyi Berger, 1950 - Riley's Graphium
- Graphium schubotzi (Schultze, 1913)
- Graphium simoni (Aurivillius, 1899)
- Graphium ucalegon (Hewitson, 1865) – Creamy Graphium
- Graphium ucalegonides (Staudinger, 1884)
Subgenus Pathysa:
- The antiphates species-group:
- Graphium agetes (Westwood, 1841) – Fourbar Swordtail
- Graphium androcles (Boisduval, 1836) – Lion Swordtail, Giant Swordtail
- Graphium antiphates (Cramer, [1775]) – Fivebar Swordtail
- Graphium aristeus (Stoll, [1780]) – Chain Swordtail
- Graphium decolor (Staudinger, 1888)
- Graphium dorcus (de Haan, 1840) – Tabitha's Swordtail
- Graphium epaminondas (Oberthür, 1879)
- Graphium euphrates (C. & R. Felder, 1862) – Euphrates Swordtail
- Graphium euphratoides (Eimer, 1889)
- Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799) – Spot Swordtail
- Graphium rhesus (Boisduval, 1836) – Monkey Swordtail
- Graphium stratiotes (Grose-Smith, 1887)
Subgenus Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887:
- The macareus species-group:
- Graphium delessertii (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) – Malayan Zebra
- Graphium deucalion (Boisduval, 1836) – Yellow Zebra
- Graphium encelades (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium idaeoides (Hewitson, 1853)
- Graphium macareus (Godart, 1819) – Lesser Zebra
- Graphium megaera (Staudinger, 1888)
- Graphium megarus (Westwood, 1844) – Spotted Zebra
- Graphium ramaceus (Westwood, 1872)
- Graphium phidias (Oberthür, 1906)
- Graphium stratocles (C. & R. Felder, 1861)
- Graphium thule (Wallace, 1865)
- Graphium xenocles (Doubleday, 1842) – Great Zebra
- The eurous species-group:
- Graphium alebion (Gray, [1853])
- Graphium eurous (Leech, [1893]) – Sixbar Swordtail
- Graphium incerta Bang-Haas, 1927
- Graphium mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) – Spectacle Swordtail
- Graphium tamerlana (Oberthür, 1876)
- Graphium timur (Ney, 1911)[3]
- Graphium mullah (Alpheraky 1897)[4]
Subgenus ?pazala Moore, 1888:
- Graphium glycerion (Gray, 1831) – Spectacle Swordtail
Unnamed subgenus:
- Graphium kosii (Müller, 1999)
References
- ↑ Graphium, funet.fi
- ↑ Woodhall, Steve. Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa, Cape Town:Struik Publishers, 2005.
- ↑ http://yutaka.it-n.jp/pap/10751010.html
- ↑ http://gni.globalnames.org/data_sources/30?page=176&search_term=ns%3AGRA*
- Smith, Campbell R. and Vane-Wright R.I., 2001 A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) Bulletin of The Natural History Museum Entomology Series Volume 70 :503-719 online
- Miller, L. D., and Miller, J. Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook, pp. 20–25, 52. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 0-7641-5714-0
- Smart, P. (1976). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. ISBN 0-600-31381-6
External links
External identifiers for Graphium | |
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Encyclopedia of Life | 14471 |
NCBI | 76204 |
Also found in: Wikispecies |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graphium. |
Wikispecies has information related to: Graphium (butterfly) |
- NHM Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails (broadly Subgenera Pazala and Arisbe)
- Genus Graphium at Lepidoptera.pro