Gozen Kaigi

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Gozen-kaigi January 1, 1945

Imperial Conference (御前会議 Gozen Kaigi) (literally the conference before the noble face) was an extraconstitutional conference of matters of grave national importance in foreign affairs that were convened by the government of the Empire of Japan in the presence of the Emperor.

History and background

After the implementation of the Meiji Constitution, day-to-day affairs in the Meiji government were managed by a cabinet system arranged around the emperor as the head of state and the prime minister as the aide of the emperor.

However, on critical matters, extraconstitutional conferences were called to obtain final imperial approval for specific courses of action, which had already been previously decided upon by the civilian government, elder statesmen (genro) and/or the military authorities at Liaison Conferences (Renraku kaigi[1]). As a ruler, the emperor listened to discussions, but remained silent through the proceedings. That the emperor would ever disagree, let alone veto, the prearranged decisions presented at the Gozen Kaigi was unthinkable.[2]

Typically attending the Gozen Kaigi were (in addition to the Emperor himself):[3]

Press announcements were typically issued immediately after each Gozen Kaigi, listing attendees, what each person wore, and stressing the unanimity of any decision.[4]

The first Gozen Kaigi was convened just before the First Sino-Japanese War. Others were held just before the Russo-Japanese War, entry into World War I, the signing of the Tripartite Pact, and various times during the Second Sino-Japanese War,[5] and notably on 6 September, 5 November, and on 1 December 1941, just before the attack on Pearl Harbor.[6]

It was only during the 6 September 1941 meeting and the final conference on 9 August 1945, for the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, that the emperor broke his traditional silence. During the last one, he ended a deadlock in discussions by personally advocating surrender with one condition, the preservation of the Kokutai, "with the understanding that the said declaration does not comprise any demand that prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a sovereign ruler.".[7]

Cultural references

A fictional gozen kaigi is portrayed in the 2003 film The Last Samurai.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ .連絡会議. See Ben-Ami Shillony, Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan, Oxford University Press, 1991 p.7
  2. ↑ Dear, The Oxford Companion to World War II, pp.416
  3. ↑ Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan pp.328
  4. ↑ Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, pp.328
  5. ↑ Lee, Marching Orders, The Untold Story of World War II. p.506
  6. ↑ Peter Wetzler, Hirohito and War, 1998, p.39, 44
  7. ↑ Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, pp.516, 517

See also

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