Government procurement
A series on Trade |
World trade |
---|
Policy
|
Economic integration |
Government procurement, also called public tendering or public procurement, is the procurement of goods and services on behalf of a public authority, such as a government agency. With 10 to 15% of GDP in developed countries, and up to 20% in developing countries, government procurement accounts for a substantial part of the global economy.[1]
To prevent fraud, waste, corruption or local protectionism, the law of most countries regulates government procurement more or less closely. It usually requires the procuring authority to issue public tenders if the value of the procurement exceeds a certain threshold.
Government procurement is also the subject of the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), a plurilateral international treaty under the auspices of the WTO.
Overview
Scope of application
Government procurement regulations normally cover all public works, services and supply contracts entered into by a public authority. However, there may be exceptions. These may notably cover military acquisitions, which account for large parts of government expenditures. The GPA and EU procurement law do not apply where public tendering would violate a country's essential security interests. Additionally, certain politically or economically sensitive sectors of government spending, such as public health, energy supply or public transport, may also be treated differently.[2]
Regulation by jurisdiction
European Union
Government procurement in the European Union has been regulated and harmonized by community law since the 1970s. It accounts for more than EUR 2 trillion, or 19% of the EU GDP.[2]
Poland
Russia
Russian Federal Law N94-ФЗ of 21.07.2005 require all federal, regional and municipal government customers to publish all information about government tenders, auctions and other purchase procedures on special public government websites.
United States
Government procurement by public authorities in the United States accounts for about USD 7 trillion annually.[2] Federal procurement is governed by the Federal Acquisition Regulation. FedBizOpps and USASpending.gov are websites where federal contracts are shown. Public announcements of awards has several exemptions, including contracts less than $3.5 million.[3] Historically, the procurement data has been criticized for deficiencies leading to a number of reforms.[4] As of 2013, there is an initiative to consolidate eight legacy databases into a single system called System for Award Management.[4] Contracts are not posted online, although two agencies have explored the possibility.[4]
The National Institute of Governmental Purchasing and the Federal Acquisition Institute are active in procurement certification and training. A specialized program in procurement law in the United States is located at The George Washington University Law School.
See also
References
- Prieß, Hans-Joachim, ed. (2012). Public Procurement 2012: An overview of regulation in 40 jurisdictions worldwide (8. ed.). Getting the Deal Through. ISSN 1747-5910.
Footnotes
- ↑ Global Trade Negotiations Home Page at Harvard University, accessed 18 December 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Prieß, Hans-Joachim; Harvey, Diana; Friton, Pascal. "Global Overview". Prieß (2012): 3–7.
- ↑ Update on FedBizOpps data. Sunlight Foundation.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Halchin LE. (2013). Transforming Government Acquisition Systems: Overview and Selected Issues. Congressional Research Service.
External links
|