Gordon Willis

Gordon Willis, ASC, (born May 28, 1931) is an American cinematographer best known for his work on Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather series as well as Woody Allen's Annie Hall and Manhattan.

His fellow cinematographer William Fraker has called Willis's work "a milestone in visual storytelling",^[1] while one critic suggested that "more than any other director of photography, Willis defined the cinematic look of the 1970s: sophisticated compositions in which bolts of light and black put the decade’s moral ambiguities into stark relief".^[2]

When the International Cinematographers Guild conducted a survey in 2003 they placed Willis among the ten most influential cinematographers in history.^[3]

Character of work

Willis's work became celebrated for his ability to use shadow and underexposed film "with a subtlety –and expressivity– previously unknown on colour film stock", as one commentator had it, citing as examples Don Corleone's study in The Godfather and Deep Throat's parking garage in All the President's Men.^[1] His friend the cinematographer Conrad Hall named him "The Prince of Darkness"^[4] but Willis himself preferred to talk in terms of "visual relativity", saying: "I like going from light to dark, dark to light, big to small, small to big". Discussing The Godfather he said:

"You can decide this movie has got a dark palette. But you can't spend two hours on a dark palette. . . So you've got this high-key, Kodachrome wedding going on. Now you go back inside and it's dark again. You can't, in my mind, put both feet into a bucket of cement and leave them there for the whole movie. It doesn't work. You must have this relativity."^[1]

The director Francis Ford Coppola once said of Willis, “He has a natural sense of structure and beauty, not unlike a Renaissance artist”,^[5] while Willis was praised for his capacity to use "painterliness" to define "not just the look but the very meaning and feel of a film".^[1] Speaking of contemporary film-making in 2004, Willis said:

"I’m delighted that people can fly, dogs can talk, and anything destructive can be fashioned on the screen, but much of what’s being done lacks structure or taste. As I’ve asked in the past: can anyone give me the definition of a camera? It’s a tool, a means to an end. So is a light, and everything else you can pile on your back. They’re all meant to transpose the written word into moving pictures that tell a story."^[6]

Another trademark is his preference for filming at the magic hour before twilight, when the sun is low and creates a golden glow. Willis created the trope of warm ambers to denote nostalgic glow for the past, for the young Vito sequences of The Godfather Part II; many films since then have copied this cinematic technique when depicting pre-World War II America.

Career

Early life and beginnings

Willis was born in Astoria, Queens, New York City.^[7][8] His parents had been dancers in Broadway theatre before his father became a make-up man at Warner Brothers in Brooklyn. As a child Willis fell in love with films. He wanted to be an actor and then became interested in lighting and stage design, later turning to photography. For a time he intended to be a fashion photographer, photographing models he knew from living in Greenwich Village. "I didn't know shit," Willis said, "[I was] dumber than dirt, as they say. No money, no jobs etc." Through contacts of his father's he worked as "a gofer" on various movies in New York.^[9]

During the Korean War Willis served in the Air Force, managing to join the Air Force Photographic and Charting Service in a motion picture unit. "I spent four years learning everything I could about making movies," Willis said.^[10] After leaving the Air Force a friend helped him to join the East Coast union in New York and he started to work as an Assistant Cameraman, working his way up to become a First Cameraman about 13 years later.^[9] He worked in advertising, shooting numerous commercials, and made a number of documentaries, a discipline that strongly influenced his later style. "You learn to eliminate, as opposed to adding," Willis said of his time making documentaries. "Not many people understand that."^[10] He once said, "I'm a mimimalist. I see things in simple ways... It's human nature to define complexity as better. Well, it's not."^[11] In 1969 the director Aram Avakian hired Willis to work on his film End of the Road (1970).^[9] This was Willis' first movie.

Making films

Willis went on to work for some of the most acclaimed directors of what is now seen as a golden age of American film-making. He captured America's urban paranoia in three films he shot with Alan J. Pakula: Klute (1971), The Parallax View (1974) and All The President's Men (1976). He worked with Hal Ashby on The Landlord (1970), James Bridges on The Paper Chase (1973), and Herbert Ross on Pennies From Heaven (1981); as well as shooting all three of Coppola's Godfather films and working with Woody Allen on a succession of films that included Annie Hall (1977) and Manhattan (1979).

At a seminar on film-making he gave in 2003, Willis said, "It's hard to believe, but a lot of directors have no visual sense. They only have a storytelling sense. If a director is smart, he'll give me the elbow room to paint". He added: "It's the judgment they're paying for."^[11] In a later interview he explained that when he started out in films he "did things in visual structure that nobody in the business was doing, especially in Hollywood", explaining: "I wasn't trying to be different; I just did what I liked". When asked by the interviewer how he applied his style to different genres and to working with different directors, Willis answered: "You're looking for a formula; there is none. The formula is me."^[9]

Up to the making of The Godfather (1972) Willis mostly used Mitchell reflex cameras with Baltar or Cooke lenses. After that he used Panavision equipment, which he had first used on Klute, returning to use Mitchells on The Godfather Part II (1974) to retain the visual coherence of the two films. Asked in 2004 about shooting films digitally, Willis was at that time sceptical: "The organics aren’t the same," he said. "The interpretive levels suffer". He added: "Digital is another form of recording an image, but it won’t replace thinking".^[6]

Collaboration with Francis Ford Coppola and Woody Allen

Originally Willis turned down the first two Godfather films before Coppola told him they wouldn't look the same without him.^[1] His work turned out to be groundbreaking in its use of low-light photography and underexposed film, as well as in his control of lighting and exposure to create the sepia tones that denoted period scenes in The Godfather Part II.^[4][10] His contributions carefully strengthened the themes of the story, as when shooting Marlon Brando with his eyes hooded in shadow, a piece of lighting design that followed from the fact that Brando's make-up had to be lit from above.^[4][10]

Willis said that it was the colour that stitched the Godfather films together.^[10] The visual structure of the films was, he said, his, but he gave Coppola credit for hiring him, saying: "I'm not that easy to deal with". He praised the director for the "management hell" of his struggles with Paramount,^[10] adding: "I’m grateful he could separate the visual structure of these movies from the mess that went on to fashion them".^[6]

Willis's collaboration with Woody Allen began with Annie Hall (1977). Willis described making films with Allen as being so comfortable an experience that it was like "working with your hands in your pockets".^[12] On Annie Hall he contrasted the warmth of Annie and Alvy Singer's romance in New York with the overexposure of the film's California scenes, while in Allen's Manhattan (1979) he was responsible for what has been called "a richly textured black-and-white paean to the beauty and diversity of the city itself".^[13] Willis, whose idea it was to use anamorphic widescreen for the filming,^[14] said: "We both felt that New York was a black-and-white city".^[2]

Willis also worked on the Allen films Interiors (1978), Stardust Memories (1980), A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy (1982), Zelig (1983), Broadway Danny Rose (1984) and The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985). Allen said that working with Willis had helped to improve his technical skills,^[15] saying of him: "He's an artist. He's got a great sense of humor —he taught me a lot."^[16]

Academy Awards

In the seven-year period up to 1977 Willis was the director of photography on six films that received among them 39 Academy Award nominations, winning 19 times, including three awards for best picture.^[5] The fact that Willis did not receive a single nomination was a subject of some controversy. His frequent absence from this period's nominees has been ascribed both to his unhidden "antipathy for Hollywood" and his work being ahead of its time^[12][13][16] He was once quoted as saying of Hollywood, "I don't think it suffers from an overabundance of good taste".^[16] Willis was later nominated twice, once for his inventive recreation of 1920s photography in Woody Allen's Zelig, and then for The Godfather Part III (1990). In 2009, at the inaugural Governors Awards, the Academy chose Willis as the recipient of the Academy Honorary Award for his life's work.^[5][12]

Directing and Retirement

Willis directed one film of his own, Windows, in 1980.^[16] He admitted the film had been a mistake,^[1] and later said of directing that he didn't really like it. "I've had a good relationship with actors," he reflected, "but I can do what I do and back off. I don't want that much romancing. I don't want them to call me up at two in the morning saying, 'I don't know who I am'".^[11]

Willis's last film was The Devil's Own (1997), directed by Pakula. Of his decision to retire, Willis said: "I got tired of trying to get actors out of trailers, and standing in the rain".^[9]

Partial filmography

• End of the Road (1970)
• The Landlord (1970)
• Klute (1971)
• The Godfather (1972)
• The Godfather Part II (1974)
• The Paper Chase (1973)
• The Parallax View (1974)
• All the President's Men (1976)
• Annie Hall (1977)
• Interiors (1978)
• Manhattan (1979)
• Stardust Memories (1980)
• Pennies from Heaven (1981)
• Zelig (1983) — Academy Award nomination.
• Broadway Danny Rose (1984)
• The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985)
• Presumed Innocent (1990)
• The Godfather Part III (1990) — Academy Award nomination.
• Malice (1993)
• The Devil's Own (1997)

References

External links

• Gordon Willis at the Internet Movie Database
• Interview in Below The Line, 2004
• Interview with Boston Globe, 2007
• Interview in Splice Today, 2009