Glyoxylic acid

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Glyoxylic acid
IUPAC name

oxoethanoic acid

Other names

formylformic acid; oxoethanoic acid

Identifiers
CAS number 298-12-4 YesY
PubChem 760
ChemSpider 740 YesY
DrugBank DB04343
KEGG C00048 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:16891 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1162545 YesY
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Properties
Molecular formula C2H2O3
Molar mass 74.04 g mol−1
Density 1.384 g/mL
Melting point 80 °C[1]
Boiling point 111 °C
Acidity (pKa) 3.18,[2] 3.32 [3]
Related compounds
Other anions glyoxylate
Related carboxylic acids formic acid
acetic acid
glycolic acid
oxalic acid
propionic acid
pyruvic acid
Related compounds acetaldehyde
glyoxal
glycolaldehyde
 YesY (verify) (what is: YesY/N?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Glyoxylic acid or oxoacetic acid is an organic compound. Together with acetic acid, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid is one of the C2 carboxylic acids. It is a colourless solid that occurs naturally and is useful industrially.

Structure and nomenclature

Glyoxylic acid is usually described with the chemical formula OCHCO2H, i.e. containing an aldehyde functional group (see image in upper right). In fact the aldehyde is not observed in solution or as a solid. In general aldehydes with electron-withdrawing substituents often exist mainly as their hydrate. Thus, the formula for glyoxylic acid is really (HO)2CHCO2H, described as the "monohydrate." This diol exists in equilibrium with the dimeric hemiacetal in solution:[4] Henry's law constant of glyoxylic acid is KH = 1.09 × 104 × exp[(40.0 × 103/R) × (1/T − 1/298)].[5]

2 (HO)2CHCO2H \overrightarrow {\leftarrow } O[(HO)CHCO2H]2 + H2O

Preparation

The compound is formed by organic oxidation of glyoxal with hot nitric acid, the main side product being oxalic acid. Ozonolysis of maleic acid is also effective.[4]

The conjugate base of gloxylic acid is known as glyoxylate and is the form that the compound exists in solution at neutral pH. Glyoxylate is an intermediate of the glyoxylate cycle, which enables organisms, such as bacteria,[6] fungi, and plants [7] to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates. Glyoxylate is the byproduct of the amidation process in biosynthesis of several amidated peptides.

Historically glyoxylic acid was prepared from oxalic acid electrosynthetically.[8][9]

Reactions and uses

Glyoxylic acid is about 10x stronger acid than acetic acid, with an acid dissociation constant of 4.7 × 10−4 (pKa = 3.32):

(HO)2CHCOOH \overrightarrow {\leftarrow } (HO)2CHCO2− + H+

With base, glyoxylic acid disproportionates:

2 OCHCOOH + H2O → HOCHCOOH + HOOC–COOH

Even though the aldehyde is a very minor component of its solutions, glyoxylic acid behaves as an aldehyde in its reactions. For example, it gives heterocycles upon condensation with urea and 1,2-diaminobenzene.

Phenol derivatives

Its condensation with phenols is versatile. The immediate product is 4-hydroxymandelic acid. This species reacts with ammonia to give hydroxyphenylglycine, a precursor to the drug Amoxicillin. Reduction of the 4-hydroxymandelic acid gives 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a precursor to the drug Atenolol. Condensations with guaiacol in place of phenol provides a route to vanillin, a net formylation.[4][10][11]

Safety

The compound is not very toxic with an LD50 for rats of 2500 mg/kg.

References

  1. ↑ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 4394
  2. ↑ Dissociation Constants Of Organic Acids and Bases (600 compounds), http://zirchrom.com/organic.htm.
  3. ↑ pKa Data Compiled by R. Williams, http://research.chem.psu.edu/brpgroup/pKa_compilation.pdf.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Georges Mattioda and Yani Christidis “Glyoxylic Acid” Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_495
  5. ↑ Ip, H. S. Simon; Huang, X. H. Hilda, Yu, Jian Zhen. "Effective Henry's law constants of glyoxal, glyoxylic acid, and glycolic acid". Geophysical Research Letters 36 (1). doi:10.1029/2008GL036212. 
  6. ↑ Holms WH (1987). "Control of flux through the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate bypass in Escherichia coli". Biochem Soc Symp. 54: 17–31. PMID 3332993. 
  7. ↑ Escher CL, Widmer F (1997). "Lipid mobilization and gluconeogenesis in plants: do glyoxylate cycle enzyme activities constitute a real cycle? A hypothesis". Biol Chem. 378 (8): 803–813. PMID 9377475. 
  8. ↑ Tafel, Julius; and Friedrichs, Gustav (1904). "Elektrolytische Reduction von Carbonsäuren und Carbonsäureestern in schwefelsaurer Lösung". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 37 (3): 3187–3191. doi:10.1002/cber.190403703116. Retrieved 19 December 2013. 
  9. ↑ Cohen, Julius (1920). Practical Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed.. London: Macmillan and Co. Limited. pp. 102–104. 
  10. ↑ Fatiadi, Alexander; and Schaffer, Robert (1974). "An Improved Procedure for Synthesis of DL-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic Acid (DL-"Vanillyl"-mandelic Acid, VMA)". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards - A. Physics and Chemistry 78A (3): 411–412. doi:10.6028/jres.078A.024. Retrieved 19 December 2013. 
  11. ↑ Kamlet, Jonas; and Mathieson, Olin (1953). Manufacture of vanillin and its homologues U.S. Patent 2,640,083. U.S. Patent Office. 
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