Glutinoglossum glutinosum

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Glutinoglossum glutinosum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Geoglossomycetes
Order: Geoglossales
Family: Geoglossaceae
Genus: Glutinoglossum
Species: G. glutinosum
Binomial name
Glutinoglossum glutinosum
(Pers.) Hustad, A.N.Mill., Dentinger & P.F.Cannon (2013)
Synonyms[1]
  • Geoglossum glutinosum Pers. (1796)
  • Gloeoglossum glutinosum (Pers.) E.J.Durand (1908)
  • Cibalocoryne glutinosa (Pers.) S.Imai [as 'Cibarocoryne'] (1942)[2]

Glutinoglossum glutinosum, commonly known as the glutinous earth tongue, is a widely distributed species of earth tongue fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. The smooth, nearly black, club-shaped fruit bodies have sticky stipes.

Taxonomy

The fungus was first officially described in 1796 as Geoglossum glutinosum by Dutch mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon.[3] In 1908, Elias Judah Durand transferred it to Gloeoglossum, a genus he circumscribed to contain species with paraphyses present as a continuous gelatinous layer on the stipe; Gloeoglossum has since been put into synonymy with Geoglossum.[4] In 1942 Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai thought the species should be in Cibalocoryne, a genus name used earlier by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky.[5] It was transferred to the newly created genus Glutinoglossum in 2013 when molecular analysis revealed that it and the species G. heptaseptatum formed a well-defined clade in the Geoglossaceae.[6] The species is commonly known as the "glutinous earth tongue".[7]

Description

"But of all the wicked-looking Fungi, none have so weird an appearance as the black Geoglossum. It is well termed Earth-tongue, for it springs in a tongue shape from the ground, black and glutinous."

William Sweetland Dallas, 1863[8]

The fruit bodies, which have a distinct blackish head and a more lightly colored stipe, grow to heights ranging from 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in). The head is up to 0.7 cm (0.3 in) tall and ranges in shape from fuse-shaped to narrowly ellipsoidal to nearly cylindrical. The nearly black, somewhat waxy head may be compressed, and it may have a longitudinal groove. The stipe measures 2.5–6 cm (1.0–2.4 in) long by 2–3 mm thick. It has a glutinous, dark grey-brown surface. The flesh is also dark greyish; it lacks any distinctive odor or taste.[7]

The spores are smooth and cylindrical, sometimes with a slight swelling in the middle, and sometimes slightly curved; they measure 50–70 by 4.5–6 µm. They have between two and seven septa, although three is most typical. The thin-walled asci (spore-bearing cells) are fuse-shaped to club-shaped, eight-spored, and measure 200–250 µm long by 12–15 µm wide. The paraphyses, which measure 200–280 long, feature a long and cylindrical neck that is (2–3.5 µm wide) supporting a club-shaped to ellipsoidal head that is 5–8 µm wide. The glutinous layer on the stipe is a gelatinous matrix comprising a 250 µm-thick layer of crowded paraphyses.[7]

Geoglossum nigritum is similar in appearance, but lacks a slimy stipe.[9]

Habitat and distribution

Glutinoglossum glutinosum is a saprophytic species. Its fruit bodies grow scattered on soil in moss beds[7] or in grassy areas. The fungus has been used as an indicator of medium-quality grassland in the UK.[10]

The fungus has been recorded from Australia,[7] New Zealand,[6] eastern Asia, Europe, and North America.[5] It is considered critically endangered in Bulgaria. Threats to the fungus include "habitat changes as result of agriculture activities (crops, livestock), atmospheric and land pollution, drought, global warming."[11] New Zealand populations have been parasitized by the fungus Hypomyces papulasporae, which appears as a white, cottony mycelium that extends to the base of the stipe.[12]

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Glutinoglossum glutinosum (Pers.) Hustad, A.N. Mill, Dentinger & P.F. Cannon, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 104 (2013)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-09-01. 
  2. ↑ Imai S. (1942). "Contributiones ad studia monographica Geoglossacearum". Botanical Magazine Tokyo 56: 523–7. 
  3. ↑ Persoon CH. (1796). Observationes mycologicae (in Latin) 1. Leipzig: Wolf. p. 11. 
  4. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mains EB. (1954). "North American species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum". Mycologia 46 (5): 586–631. JSTOR 4547871. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hustad VP, Miller AN, Dentinger BTM, Cannon PF. (2013). "Generic circumscriptions in Geoglossomycetes" (PDF). Persoonia 31: 101–11. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Bougher NL, Syme K. (1998). Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-875560-80-6. 
  8. ↑ Dallas WS. (1863). The Popular Science Review. Robert Hardwicke. p. 331. 
  9. ↑ Kuo M. (January 2005). "Geoglossum nigritum". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2013-09-01. 
  10. ↑ Hurford C, Schneider M. (2006). Monitoring Nature Conservation in Cultural Habitats: A Practical Guide and Case Studies. Springer. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-4020-3757-3. 
  11. ↑ Dimitrova E. "Geoglossum glutinosum". Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Volume 1 – Plants & Fungi. 
  12. ↑ Rogerson CT, Samuels GJ. (1985). "Species of Hypomyces and Nectria occurring on Discomycetes". Mycologia 77 (5): 763–83. JSTOR 3793285. 

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