Glomus (fungus)

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Glomus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Glomeromycota
Class: Glomeromycetes
Order: Glomerales
Family: Glomeraceae
Genus: Glomus
Tul. & C.Tul. (1845)
Type species
Glomus macrocarpum
Tul. & C.Tul. (1845)
Species

ca. 85 species described

Synonyms[1]

Rhizophagus P.A.Dang. (1896) Sphaerocreas Sacc. & Ellis (1882) Stigeosporium C.West (1916)

Glomus is a genus of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and all species form symbiotic relationships (mycorrhizas) with plant roots. Glomus is the largest genus of AM fungi, with ca. 85 species described, but is currently defined as non-monophyletic.[2]

Classification

Glomus is the only genus in the family Glomeraceae, in the division Glomeromycota. Some members of the genus were originally described as Sclerocystis species, but this genus has been entirely transferred to Glomus. However, further taxonomic changes are likely as the phylogeny of AM fungi becomes better understood.

Glomus is likely related to the fossil fungus Glomites, discovered in the Rhynie chert deposits from the Early Devonian (400 million years ago).

Ecology

As with other AM fungi, all Glomus species are thought to be obligate symbionts, dependent on their mycorrhizal association with plant roots to complete their life cycle. They cannot be cultured in the laboratory in the absence of a plant host. Glomus species are found in nearly all terrestrial habitats, including arable land, deserts, grasslands, tropical forests, and tundras.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can provide numerous benefits to their plant hosts, including improved nutrient uptake, drought resistance, and disease resistance. However, the symbiosis is not mutualistic in all circumstances and may often be parasitic, with a detrimental effect on plant growth. Rarely, some plant species can parasitise the fungi.[3]

Life cycle

Glomus species are entirely asexual. Spores are produced at the tips of hyphae either within the host root or outside the root in the soil. Thought to be chlamydospores, these spores germinate and the germination tube that is produced grows through the soil until it comes into contact with roots. The fungus then penetrates the root and grows between root cells, or it may penetrate the cell wall and grow within root cells. Inside the root, the fungus forms arbuscules, which are highly branched hyphal structures that serve as sites of nutrient exchange with the plant. Arbuscules are formed within plant cell walls but are surrounded by an invaginated cell membrane, so remain within the apoplast. The fungus may also form vesicles, swollen structures which are thought to function as food storage organs.

Agricultural significance

Several species of Glomus, including G. aggregatum, are cultured and sold as mycorrhizal inoculant for agricultural soils. One species, G. macrocarpum (and possibly also G. microcarpum), causes tobacco stunt disease.[4]

Species

  • Glomus aggregatum
  • Glomus albidum
  • Glomus ambisporum
  • Glomus brazillanum
  • Glomus caledonium
  • Glomus coremioides
  • Glomus claroideum
  • Glomus clarum
  • Glomus clavisporum
  • Glomus constrictum
  • Glomus coronatum
  • Glomus deserticola
  • Glomus diaphanum
  • Glomus eburneum
  • Glomus etunicatum
  • Glomus fasciculatum
  • Glomus fistulosum
  • Glomus fragilistratum
  • Glomus geosporum
  • Glomus globiferum
  • Glomus heterosporum
  • Glomus hoi
  • Glomus intraradices
  • Glomus lacteum
  • Glomus lamellosum
  • Glomus luteum
  • Glomus manihotis
  • Glomus microaggregatum
  • Glomus monosporum
  • Glomus mosseae
  • Glomus multicaule
  • Glomus pansihalos
  • Glomus pustulatum
  • Glomus sinuosum
  • Glomus spurcum
  • Glomus tortuosum
  • Glomus trimurales
  • Glomus verruculosum
  • Glomus versiforme
  • Glomus viscosum

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Glomus Tul. & C. Tul. 1845". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-01-24. 
  2. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. 
  3. ↑ Bidartondo, M.I., Redecker, D., Hijri, I., Wiemken, A., Bruns, T.D., Dominguez, L., Sersic A., Leake, J.R., Read, D.J. (2002). "Epiparasitic plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi". Nature 419 (6905): 389–392. doi:10.1038/nature01054. PMID 12353033. 
  4. ↑ Modjo, H.S., Hendrix, J.W. (1986). "The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus macrocarpum as a cause of tobacco stunt disease". Phytopathology 76 (7): 688–691. doi:10.1094/Phyto-76-688. 
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