Glomerulus
| Glomerulus | |
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| The glomerulus is the network (tuft) of capillaries in red. Blood flows in via the afferent arteriole and out via the efferent arteriole (arrows). The round, double-walled structure in white is Bowman's capsule. The liquid component of blood (plasma)is filtered by passing through the glomerular membrane, which consists of the capillary wall and the epithelial layer of Bowman's capsule. The filtered blood leaves through the tubule at the top. | |
| Latin | glomerulus renis |
| Gray's | subject #253 1221 |
| Precursor | Metanephric blastema |
| MeSH | Kidney+Glomerulus |
In the kidney, a tubular structure called the nephron filters blood to form urine. At the beginning of the nephron, the glomerulus /ɡlɒˈmɛrələs/ is a network (tuft) of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood.
The glomerulus is surrounded by Bowman's capsule. The blood plasma is filtered through the capillaries of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. The Bowman's capsule empties the filtrate into a tubule that is also part of the nephron.
A glomerulus receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation. Unlike most other capillary beds, the glomerulus drains into an efferent arteriole rather than a venule. The resistance of these arterioles results in high pressure within the glomerulus, aiding the process of ultrafiltration, where fluids and soluble materials in the blood are forced out of the capillaries and into Bowman's capsule.
A glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman's capsule constitute a renal corpuscle, the basic filtration unit of the kidney. The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli, and thus the measure of the overall renal function, is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Afferent circulation
The afferent arteriole that supplies the capillaries of a glomerulus branches off an interlobular artery in the renal cortex. Glomerular capillary pressure, and thus glomerular filtration rate, can be influenced by constriction or relaxation of the afferent arteriole, resulting in decreases or increases in pressure. As an example, one study involving rats found that having narrowed afferent arterioles contributed to the development of increased blood pressure.[1] Sympathetic nervous system action as well as hormones can also impact glomerular filtration rate by modulating afferent arteriole diameter.
Layers
If a substance has passed through the glomerular capillary endothelial cells, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes, then it enters the lumen of the tubule and is known as glomerular filtrate. Otherwise, it exits the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole and continues circulation as discussed below and as shown on the picture.
B. Glomerular basement membrane: 1. lamina rara interna 2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa
C. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural protein 2. filtration slit 3. diaphragma
Endothelial cells
The endothelial cells of the glomerulus contain numerous pores (fenestrae) that, unlike those of other fenestrated capillaries, are not spanned by diaphragms. The cells have fenestrations that are 70 to 100 nm in diameter. Since these pores are relatively large, they allow for the free filtration of fluid, plasma solutes and protein. However they are not large enough that red blood cells can be filtered.
Glomerular basement membrane
The glomerular endothelium sits on a very thick (250–350 nm) glomerular basement membrane.
Podocytes
Podocytes line the other side of the glomerular basement membrane and form part of the lining of Bowman's space. Podocytes form a tight interdigitating network of foot processes (pedicels) that control the filtration of proteins from the capillary lumen into Bowman's space.
The space between adjacent podocyte foot processes is spanned by a slit diaphragm formed by several proteins including podocin and nephrin. In addition, foot processes have a negatively charged coat (glycocalyx) that limits the filtration of negatively charged molecules, such as serum albumin.
The podocytes are sometimes considered the "visceral layer of Bowman's capsule", rather than part of the glomerulus.
Intraglomerular mesangial cell
Intraglomerular mesangial cells are found in the interstitium between endothelial cells of the glomerulus. They are not part of the filtration barrier but are specialized pericytes that participate indirectly in filtration by contracting and reducing the glomerular surface area, and therefore filtration rate, in response mainly to stretch.
Selectivity
The structures of the layers determine their permeability-selectivity permselectivity. The factors that influence permselectivity are the negative charge of the basement membrane and the podocytic epithelium, and the effective pore size of the glomerular wall (8 nm). As a result, large and/or negatively charged molecules will pass through far less frequently than small and/or positively charged ones.[2] For instance, small ions such as sodium and potassium pass freely, while larger proteins, such as hemoglobin and albumin have practically no permeability at all.
Efferent circulation
Blood is carried out of the glomerulus by an efferent arteriole instead of a venule, as is observed in most other capillary systems. This provides tighter control over the blood flow through the glomerulus, since arterioles dilate and constrict more readily than venules, owing to arterioles' larger smooth muscle layer (tunica media).
Efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (i.e., the 15% of nephrons closest to the medulla) send straight capillary branches that deliver isotonic blood to the renal medulla. Along with the loop of Henle, these vasa recta play a crucial role in the establishment of the nephron's countercurrent exchange system.
The efferent arteriole, into which the glomerulus delivers blood, empties into an interlobular vein.
Juxtaglomerular cells
The walls of the afferent arteriole contain specialized smooth muscle cells that synthesize renin. These juxtaglomerular cells play a major role in the renin-angiotensin system, which helps regulate blood volume and pressure.
History
In 1666, Malpighi first described the glomeruli and demonstrated their continuity with the renal vasculature (281,282). About 175 years later, Bowman elucidated in detail the capillary architecture of the glomerulus and the continuity between its surrounding capsule and the proximal tubule .[3] .
Additional images
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Distribution of bloodvessels in cortex of kidney.
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1 Glomerulus, 2 proximal tubule, 3 distal tubule
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Glomerulus.
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Section of cortex of human kidney.
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Mouse glomerulus in the Scanning Electron Microscope ("SEM"), magnification 1,000x
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Mouse glomerulus in the SEM, magnification 5,000x
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Mouse glomerulus in the SEM with one capillary broken, magnification 10,000x
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View on the inside of broken capillary with fenestrae visible, magnification 100,000x
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Renal corpuscle
References
- ↑ Norrelund, H; Christensen, KL (1994). "Early narrowed afferent arteriole is a contributor to the development of hypertension". Hypertension (Danish Biomembrane Research Centre) 24: 301–308. Retrieved July 2011.
- ↑ Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 316–317. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.
- ↑ "lippicotts histology for pathologesits; satcey e. mills
External links
- Image and article at FGCU
- Histology at KUMC epithel-epith02 "Kidney (Glomerulus)"
- Organology at UC Davis Urinary/mammal/cortex1/cortex1 - "Mammal, kidney cortex (LM, Medium)"
- BU Histology Learning System: 16010loa
- UNC Nephropathology
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