Ghumdan Palace
| Ghumdan Palace | |
|---|---|
  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Architecture |
| Town or city | Sana'a |
| Country | Yemen |
| Coordinates | 15°21′11″N 44°12′53″E / 15.353115°N 44.214722°E |
| Completed | Mid third century AD |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect | Ilsharah Yahdub |
Ghumdan Palace, also Qasir Ghumdan or Ghamdan Palace, is an ancient palace and fortress in Sana'a, Yemen. It was located just west of where the Great Mosque of Sana'a was later built,[1] and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Sana'a.
It may date to pre-Islamic times, constructed by the Sabaeans in the mid 3rd century by the last great Sabaean King Ilsharah Yahdub. Some historians date it to the beginning of the 2nd century or the 1st century.[2][3] The palace was destroyed by Caliph Uthman, or even earlier, by the Abyssinian conqueror Abrahah Al-Hubashi. Restored several times, the palace history is represented in numerous legends and tales. It is mentioned in many pieces of Arabic poetry, the poets singing about its beauty.[4] Ghumdan Palace tower, a 20-storey high-rise building, is believed by some to have been the world's earliest skyscraper.[5]
History
Though the former palace is now in ruins, its style, a towered, multi-floor structure, has provided the prototype for the tower-type houses built in Sana’a. It expressed the "exquisite architecture of the old city".[3]
The palace was used by the last Himyarite kings, who had ruled Yemen from Ghumdan and was once the residence of Abhalah.[6] It was reportedly destroyed by Caliph Uthman in the 7th century because he feared it could be used as a stronghold for a rebellion. Some of its materials were re-used to build the Great Mosque.[1]
The palace was reconstructed some time later but deteriorated over time. The ruins of the palace tower are now in the form of a mound that extends from the east of the Great Mosque to the north of Bab Al-Yemen.
Architecture
The palace tower was built at the top of a hill. Historians such as Al-Hamdani, Mohammed Al-Qazwani and Dr. Adnan Tarsis dispute the height of the original palace. Given its grandeur, its height was exaggerated in historic accounts. Most claims are between six and ten storeys.[1] In the early 9th century, it was reported to have been "seven stories tall with the highest room being of polychrome marble, and its roof a single slab of green marble." However, al-Hamdani claims it was 20 stories high, with each floor being 13 metres (43 ft) in height, perhaps referring to the tower of the palace.
Built over a square layout, the four outer faces of the palace were of marble in white, black, green and red. [2] The top floor of the tower contained the Bilqis Hall. This hall was described in the Al-Hamdani books (two volumes, preserved in the British Museum), as featuring a ceiling affixed with an eight-piece transparent marble. The four openings at the four corners of the hall provided a close view of the moon, worshipped by kings in ancient Yemen.[4] Bronze lion figures at each corner of the alabaster ceilings were said to make a roaring sound when the wind passed through them. A gate, known as the “Qasr Al-Selah”, is said to be the last vestige of the palace tower.
In literature
The palace is mentioned in many pieces of Arabic poetry with poets singing about its beauty.[7] Legend states that when birds flew over the palace, their shadows could be seen on the ceiling.[1][2]
Dhu Jadan al-Himyari (fl. 6th - 7th century) wrote:
- You have heard of Ghumdan's towers:
- From the mountain top it lowers
- Well carpentered, with stones for stay,
- Plastered with clean, damp, slippery clay;
- Oil lamps within it show
- At even like the lightening's glow.
- This once-new castle is ashes today
- The flames have eaten its beauty away.
The poet Adiy b. Zayd al-Hiri wrote:
- What is there after San'a in which once lived
- Rulers of a kingdom whose gifts were lavish?
- Its builder raised it to the flying clouds,
- Its lofty chambers gave forth musk.
- Protected by mountains against the attacks of enemies,
- Its lofty heights unscalable.
- Pleasant was the voice of the night-owl there,
- Answered at even by a flute player.
Long after its destruction, the 10th century geographer al Hamdani (c. 893-945) quoted verses reflecting the legend of the tower of Ghumdan:[8][9]
- Twenty stories high the palace stood,
- Flirting with the stars and the clouds.
- If Paradise lies over the skies,
- Ghumdan borders on Paradise.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 McLaughlin, Daniel (12 February 2008). Yemen: the Bradt travel guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-84162-212-5. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Aithie, Charles; Aithie, Patricia (2001). Yemen: jewel of Arabia. Stacey International. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-900988-15-5. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Han, Carolyn (2005). From the land of Sheba: Yemení folk tales. Interlink Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-56656-571-4. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Al-Alaya, Zaid (1 October 2005). "The Ancient & Mysterious Palace of Ghamdan". Yemen Observer. Unknown parameter
|source=ignored (help) - ↑ Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corp. 1966. p. 119. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
- ↑ Bidwell, P.; Serjeant, R.B.; Bidwell, R. L.; Smith, G. Rex (1 January 1994). New Arabian studies. University of Exeter Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-85989-408-1. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ↑ "Citadels of High Yemen". CPA Media. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
- ↑ Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). First encyclopaedia of Islam. p. 15. "quotes verses on Ghumdan ... which reflect the legends clinging to the castle as a wonder of architecture"
- ↑ Grabar, Oleg (1987). The Formation of Islamic Art. Yale University Press. p. 76. "Yet there existed a myth of grandiose secular architecture … and its best known example is the fabulous Ghumdan in Yemen."