Germany, Year Zero

Germany, Year Zero
Directed by	Roberto Rossellini
Produced by	Salvo D'Angelo Roberto Rossellini
Written by	Roberto Rossellini Max Kolpé Sergio Amidei
Starring	Edmund Moeschke Ernst Pittschau Ingetraud Hinze Franz-Otto Krüger Erich Gühne
Music by	Renzo Rossellini
Cinematography	Robert Juillard
Editing by	Eraldo Da Roma
Studio	Produzione Salvo D'Angelo and Tevere Film
Distributed by	G.D.B. Film
Release dates	1 December 1948 (1948-12-01)
Running time	78 minutes
Country	Italy
Language	German English French

Germany, Year Zero (German: Deutschland im Jahre Null) is a 1948 film directed by Roberto Rossellini, and is the final film in Rossellini's unofficial war film trilogy, following Rome, Open City and Paisà. Germany Year Zero takes place in post-war Germany, unlike the others, which take place in German-occupied Rome and during the Allied invasion of Italy, respectively.

As in many neorealist films, Rossellini used mainly local, non-professional actors. He filmed on locations in Berlin and intended to convey the reality in Germany the year after its near total destruction in World War II. It contains dramatic images of bombed out Berlin and of the human struggle for survival following the destruction of the Third Reich. When explaining his ideas about realism in an interview, he said, "realism is nothing other than the artistic form of truth."^[1]

Plot

Thirteen-year-old Edmund Kohler lives in devastated, post-World War II Berlin with his ailing, bedridden father and his adult siblings, Eva and Karl-Heinz. Eva manages to obtain cigarettes by going out with soldiers of the Allied forces, but resists her friends' advice to prostitute herself. Karl-Heinz is a burden to the struggling family, refusing to register with the police and get a ration card because he is afraid what would happen if they found out he fought to the bitter end. The Kohlers and others have been assigned to the apartment home of the Rademachers by the housing authority, much to Mr. Rademacher's irritation.

Edmund does what he can for his family, trying to find work and selling a scale for Mr. Rademacher on the black market. He meets by chance Herr Henning, his former school teacher, who still remains a Nazi at heart. Henning, who exhibits what may be interpreted as a pedophilic interest in Edmund, gives him a record of Hitler to sell to the occupying soldiers, entrusting him to the more experienced Jo and Christl. Henning gives Edmund 10 marks for his work. Afterward, Edmund tags along as the young man Jo steals 40 marks from a woman by pretending to sell her a bar of soap. That night, after giving Edmund some of his stolen potatoes, Jo leaves the inexperienced lad with Christl, whom another member of their gang describes as a mattress that dispenses cigarettes.

When the father has an attack, a kindly doctor manages to get him admitted to a hospital, where he receives much more plentiful and healthy food. This relieves some of the pressure on his family temporarily. When Edmund goes to see him, the father talks of how he is such a burden and that it would be better if he were dead. Edmund steals some poison while a nurse is away.

After four days, the father is discharged and returns home. Edmund poisons his tea. When the police raid the apartment, Karl-Heinz finally turns himself in. The father dies after his elder son is taken away. Everyone assumes it was due to malnutrition and sickness.

A disturbed Edmund wanders the city. He turns first to Christl, but she is busy with young men and has no time for or interest in a youngster. He goes to Henning and confesses that he did as the schoolteacher had suggested, murdering his father, but Henning protests he never told him to kill anyone, only that the weak should perish so that the strong can survive. When Edmund tries to join younger children in a street game of football, they reject him. He ascends the ruins of a bombed out building, and watches from a hole in the wall as they take his father's coffin away across the street. Finally, after hearing his sister call for him, he jumps out of the hole to his death.

Cast

• Edmund Moeschke as Edmund Kohler (as Edmund Meschke)
• Ernst Pittschau as Mr. Kohler
• Ingetraud Hinze as Eva Kohler (as Ingetraud Hinz)
• Franz-Otto Krüger as Karl-Heinz Kohler (as Franz Grüger)
• Erich Gühne as Herr Henning - Il maestro

Production

Pre-production

Rossellini visited Berlin in March 1947 with a vague idea of making this film.^[2] Rossellini then returned to Rome and secured funding for the film from the French company Union Générale Cinéatographique and his friends Salvo D'Angelo and Alfredo Guarini. He also got equipment and crew members from the German company Sadfi.^[3] Rossellini then returned to Berlin in July 1947 to continue research for the film and select a suitable cast.^[4] During that time director Billy Wilder was in Berlin shooting A Foreign Affair, and Wilder even satirized Rossellini's film with a character that resembles Edmund. Wilder later said he regretted satirizing Rossellini in his own film, when he had tried to emulate and copy his style. ^[5]

Casting

As was his usual custom, Rossellini cast the film with non-professionals that he met on the street. Rossellini found Ernst Pittschau sitting on the front steps of a retirement home and discovered that he had been a silent film actor forty years earlier. He saw former ballet dancer Ingetraud Hinze standing in a food line and was struck with the look of despair on her face. Franz-Otto Krüger came from a family of academics and had been imprisoned by the Gestapo during the war. Other smaller parts were cast with such people as a former Wehrmacht general, an ex-wrestler, a literature and art history professor, a model and a group of children that were bored of living on the streets.^[6]

For the lead role of Edmund, Rossellini wanted to find a young German boy who physically resembled his recently deceased son Romano Rossellini. After auditioning several young boys, Rossellini went to a performance of the Barlay circus one night to see the elephants. There he saw an eleven-year-old acrobat named Edmund Meschke and immediately asked Meschke to audition for him. Rossellini combed Meschke's hair to resemble his son and, amazed at the physical resemblance, immediately cast him in the lead role.^[7] The finished film began with the title "This film is dedicated to the memory of my son Romano. — Roberto Rossellini"^[8]

Filming

Shooting began on 15 August 1947 with no formal script and Rossellini instructing the actors to improvise their dialogue.^[6] Rossellini directed the film in French and had to depend on Max Colpet to translate for him throughout shooting. While filming on location in the streets of Berlin, Rossellini was amazed by the indifference to a film crew from people on the streets who were far too preoccupied with attempting to get food and survive.^[9] When Rossellini went to Rome for a week in the middle of shooting to spend time with his then mistress Anna Magnani, Carlo Lizzani directed some scenes in his absence. In mid-September location shooting in Berlin wrapped after 40 days and the production moved to Rome on 26 September 1947 to film the interior scenes.^[10]

When the German actors arrived in Rome they had to wait until November to resume filming because the film's sets had not been built. By November the previously malnourished Germans had gained a noticeable amount of weight while in Rome and had to be put on crash diets so as to retain continuity with their earlier scenes. After filming in Rome was complete most of the German actors didn't want to go back to Berlin and a few ran away to the Italian countryside. The film's final budget was $115,000.^[11]

Reception

This film was in many ways vastly different from Rossellini's previous neorealism films, in that it was mostly shot in a studio and used rear screen projections for the Berlin scenes. Many critics who had previously championed Rossellini condemned the film for being melodramatic and disappointingly unrealistic. Rossellini stated that he wanted to "tell a story of a child, of an innocent creature which a distorted "utopian" education induced to commit murder in the belief that he was performing a heroic gesture. But a feeble light of morality is not yet extinguished in him; driven by those small gleams of conscious, confused, he commits suicide."^[12] Jean Georges Auriol called it hasty and superficial. Andre Bazin called it "not a movie but a sketch, a rough draft of a work Rossellini hasn't given us."^[13] However, L'Ecran Francais called it revolutionary, and Charlie Chaplin said it was "the most beautiful Italian film" he had ever seen.^[14] Rossellini said that "I don't think it's possible to say more bad things about a film than were said about Germany Year Zero."^[15]

Most Germans disliked the film's negative and pessimistic attitude. The film was first screened in Germany in 1952 at a brief Munich film club screening and was not seen again until it was shown on German TV in 1978. In 1949 German film critic Hans Habe called it "a terrifying film...not artistically, but because it would be terrifying if the world saw the new Germany as Rossellini does."^[16] It premiered in New York in September 1949 and was negatively compared to Bicycle Thieves.^[17] Bosley Crowther said that the film had "a strange emptiness of genuine feeling."^[18] It went on to win the Golden Leopard award at the Locarno International Film Festival.^[12][19]

References

Further reading

• Serceau, Michel. Roberto Rossellini. Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1986.
• Guarner, Jose L. Roberto Rossellini. Trans. Elizabeth Cameron. New York: Praeger, 1970.
• Brunette, Peter. Roberto Rossellini. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
• Rossellini, Roberto. My Method: Writings and Interviews. Adriano Aprà, ed. Trans: Annapaola Cancogni. New York : Marsilio Publishers, 1992.

External links

• Germany, Year Zero at the Internet Movie Database
• Germany, Year Zero at the TCM Movie Database
• Germany, Year Zero at Rotten Tomatoes
• Rosenbaum, Jonathan. "Germany Year Zero: The Humanity of the Defeated". Criterion Collection. Retrieved 17 April 2012.