Georg Calixtus

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Georg Calixtus

Georg Calixtus, Kallisøn/Kallisön, or Callisen (December 14, 1586 – March 19, 1656) was a German Lutheran theologian who looked to reconcile all Christendom by removing all unimportant differences.

Biography

Calixtus was born in Medelby, Schleswig. After studying philology, philosophy and theology at Helmstedt, Jena, Giessen, Tübingen and Heidelberg, he travelled through Holland, France and England, where he became acquainted with the leading reformers. On his return in 1614, he was appointed professor of theology at Helmstedt by the duke of Brunswick, who had admired the ability he displayed when a young man in a dispute with the Jesuit Augustine Turrianus.[1]

Learning different Protestant and Roman Catholic teachings, he tried to create a "unifying theology". In 1613 he published a book, Disputationes de Praecipuis Religionis Christianae Capitibus, which provoked the hostile criticism of orthodox Lutheran scholars; in 1619 he published his Epitome theologiae, and some years later his Theologia Moralis (1634) and De Arte Nova Nihusii. Roman Catholics felt them to be aimed at their own system, but they gave so great offence to Lutherans as to induce Statius Buscher to charge the author with a secret leaning to Catholicism.[1]

Scarcely had he refuted the accusation of Buscher, when, on account of his intimacy with the Reformed divines at the conference of Thorn (1645), and his desire to effect a reconciliation between them and the Lutherans, a new charge was leveled against him, principally by Abraham Calovius (1612-1686), of a secret attachment to Calvinism.[1]

Thus the great aim of his life to reconcile Christendom by removing all unimportant differences, resulted in him being accused of syncretism[1] for the ecumenical spirit in which he treated both Catholics and Calvinists, and for considering the Apostles' Creed a broad enough basis for Christian union and communion, which might embrace both. The disputes to which his attitude gave rise lasted during his whole lifetime.

His friends, however, stood by him, and he retained the position he held in the Lutheran Church, teaching theology at the University of Helmstedt until his death.[2] For all of the legitimate controversy surrounding him, he continues to be recognized for his emphasis on the unity of the church.

Calixtus died in Helmstedt.

The term Consensus Quinquesaecularis, initially a contemptuous reference to the high value which Calixtus placed on an alleged consensus of the Church Fathers of the first five centuries of Christendom, and certainly a key aspect of his "unifying theology", later became popular with various old High Church divines such as some Anglican Latitudinarians.[3]

Works

Modern editions of selected works are available in Georg Calixt, Werke in Auswahl, 4 vols, ed. Inge Mager (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1970–82).

  • De praecipuis Christianae religionis capitibus hodie controversis disputationes XV Helmstedt, 1613
  • Epitome Theologiae Goslar, 1619
  • De vera christiana religione et ecclesia Helmstedt, 1633

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Calixtus, Georg". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press 
  2. ↑  "Calixtus, Georg". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
  3. ↑ Consensus Quinquesaecularis article in Christian Cyclopedia

Further reading

Wikisource has the text of the The Nuttall Encyclopædia article Calixtus, George.
  • Mager, Inge (1981), "Die Beziehung Herzog Augusts von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel zu den Theologen Georg Calixt und Johann Valentin Andreae", Pietismus und Neuzeit VI., pp. 76–99 
  • Schüssler, Hermann (1957), "Calixt, Georg", Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 96 
  • Gaß, Wilhelm (1876), "Calixt, Georg", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 3, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 696–704 
  • Wallmann, Johannes (1981), "Calixt, Georg", Theologische Realenzyklopädie (TRE) 7, Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, pp. 552–559 
  • Gaß, Wilhelm (1846), Georg Calixtus und der Synkretismus, Breslau 
  • Henke, Ernst Ludwig Theodor (1860) [1853], Georg Calixtus und seine Zeit (2 Volumes ed.), Halle (Saale) 
  • Wallmann, Johannes (1961), Der Theologiebegriff bei Johann Gerhard und Georg Calixt, Tübingen 
  • Engel, Peter, Die eine Wahrheit in der gespaltenen Christenheit. Untersuchungen zur Theologie Georg Calixts 
  • Schüssler, Hermann (1961), Georg Calixt, Zabern Verlag 
  • Merkt, Andreas (2001), Das patristische Prinzip, Leiden: Brill 
  • Böttigheimer, Christoph (1996), Zwischen Polemik und Irenik, Münster: Verlag 
  • Baur, Jörg (2003), "Die Helmstädter Lesart des Rechtfertigungsartikels und deren rechtgläubige Kritiker. Eine Untersuchung zur Genese des 'synkretistischen Streites.'", in Sträter, Udo; Appold, Kenneth G., Zur Rechtfertigungslehre in der Lutherischen Orthodoxie. Beiträge des sechsten Wittenberger Symposiums zur Lutherischen Orthodoxie, Leucorea-Studien zur Geschichte der Reformation und der Lutherischen Orthodoxie, 2, Leipzig, pp. 81–135 
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