Ganoderma

Ganoderma
Ganoderma applanatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Polyporales
Family:	Ganodermataceae
Genus:	Ganoderma P.Karst (1881)
Type species
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P.Karst. (1881)
Species
Ganoderma alba Ganoderma annularis Ganoderma atrum Ganoderma aurea Ganoderma amboinense Ganoderma applanatum Ganoderma brownii Ganoderma curtisii Ganoderma lobatum Ganoderma lucidum Ganoderma multipileum Ganoderma nigra Ganoderma orbiforme Ganoderma oregonense Ganoderma purpurea Ganoderma philippii Ganoderma pseudoferreum Ganderma rubra Ganoderma tornatum Ganoderma tsugae Ganoderma viridis Ganoderma zonatum Ganoderma boninense Ganoderma miniatocinctum This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Ganoderma is a genus of polypore mushrooms which grow on wood, and include about 80 species, many from tropical regions.^[1] Because of their extensive use in traditional Asian medicines, and their potential in bioremediation, they are a very important genus economically. Ganoderma can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double walled basidiospore. They are popularly referred to as shelf mushrooms or bracket fungi.

Etymology

The name Ganoderma is derived from the Greek ganos/γανος "brightness, sheen", hence "shining" and derma/δερμα "skin".^[2]

Description

Ganoderma are characterized by basidiocarps that are large, perennial, woody brackets also called "conks". They are lignicolous and leathery either with or without a stem. The fruit bodies typically grow in a fan-like or hoof-like form on the trunks of living or dead trees. They have double-walled, truncate spores with yellow to brown ornamented inner layers.

Phylogeny

The genus was named by Karsten in 1881.^[3] Members of the family Ganodermataceae were traditionally considered difficult to classify because of the lack of reliable morphological characteristics, the overabundance of synonyms, and the widespread misuse of names.^[4][5] Until recently, the genus was divided into two sections – Section Ganoderma with a shiny cap surface (like Ganoderma lucidum) and Elfvingia, with a dull cap surface, like Ganoderma applanatum.

Phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequence information derived from mitochondrial SSU rDNA, have helped to clarify our understanding of the relationships amongst Ganoderma species.^[6][7] The genus may now be divided into six monophyletic groups:^[8]

In 1905, American mycologist William Murrill delineated the genus Tomophagus to accommodate the single species G. colossus (then known as Polyporus colossus) which had distinctive morphological features that did not fit in with the other species.^[9] Historically, however, Tomophagus has generally been regarded as a synonym for Ganoderma.^[10] Nearly a century later, phylogenetic analyses vindicated Murrill's original placement, as it has shown to be a taxonomically distinct appropriate genus.^[8]

Significance

Industry

Ganoderma are wood-decaying fungi with a cosmopolitan distribution. They can grow on both coniferous and hardwood species. They are white-rot fungi with enzymes that allow them to break down wood components such as lignin and cellulose. There has been significant research interest in trying to harness the power of these wood-degrading enzymes for industrial applications such as biopulping^[11] or bioremediation.^[12][13][14]

Medicine

Ganoderma lucidum

Several species of Ganoderma contain many bioactive compounds (~400), such as triterpenoids and polysaccharides.^{[citation needed]} Moreover, G. lucidum contains the largest variety of cellulose-, lignin-, and xylan-digesting enzymes, which are being used in biomass remediation and industrial sludge processing. Collectively, the Ganoderma species are being investigated for a variety of potential therapeutic benefits:^{[15][16][17][18]}

Notable species

• Ganoderma applanatum - Also known as the Artist's Conk. An infestation of this species was the main factor in the loss of the Anne Frank Tree.^[19]
• Ganoderma lucidum - Also known as Reishi or Lingzhi. A valuable medicine in Asian herbal medicine.
• Ganoderma multipileum - A genomic study in 2009 discovered that populations of G. lucidum in Tropical Asia are actually a separate species.
• Ganoderma philippii - A plant pathogen.
• Ganoderma pseudoferreum - Responsible for the root rot of cacao, coffee, rubber and tea trees.
• Ganoderma tsugae - A polypore which grows on conifers, especially hemlock; thus the common name, Hemlock varnish shelf. Similar in appearance to Ganoderma lucidum, which typically grows on hardwoods.^[20]

References