Gaius Norbanus

Gaius Norbanus Balbo (died 82 BC), (possibly surnamed Bulbus or Balbus),^[1] was a Roman politician who was elected consul in 83 BC alongside Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus Asiagenus. He committed suicide during the civil war between Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Gaius Marius the Younger.

Biography

A member of the Plebeian gens Norbani, and a Novus homo, Gaius Norbanus first came to prominence when he was elected Tribune of the Plebs for 103 BC. He achieved notoriety for his prosecution of Quintus Servilius Caepio the Elder, where he accused Servilius Caepio of incompetence and dereliction of duty at the catastrophic defeat of the Roman armies by the Cimbri at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC.^[2] At the Concilium Plebis where Servilius Caepio was tried, two tribunes attempted to veto proceedings, but were driven off by force.^[3] Although the Senate vigorously tried to obtain his acquittal, and he was defended by Lucius Licinius Crassus, Norbanus managed to secure Caepio’s condemnation. Caepio was forced into exile to Smyrna, while his fortune was confiscated.

In 101 BC, Norbanus served as Quaestor under Marcus Antonius, grandfather of the triumvir Mark Antony, in his campaign against the pirates in Cilicia.^[4] In 94 BC, Norbanus was accused of minuta maiestas (treason) under the Lex Appuleia by Publius Sulpicius Rufus on account of the disturbances that had taken place at the trial of Caepio, but the eloquence of Marcus Antonius secured his acquittal.^[5]

This was followed by his election as Praetor in 89 BC, and his appointment as governor of Sicily. He held the post until 88 BC and kept the peace in his province, defending it against the Italian socii during the Social War.^[6] He managed to capture Rhegium from the Samnites in 88 BC.^[7]

During the civil war between Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla he sided with Marius. He was elected consul in 83 BC and at Mount Tifata, near Capua, he intercepted Sulla, who had returned to Italy from Greece. Sulla sent over some emissaries to discuss coming to terms with Norbanus, but they were thrown out when it became apparent that they were trying to suborn Norbanus’ men, who were mostly raw recruits.^[8] Although Norbanus was helped by Quintus Sertorius, they were defeated by Sulla at the Battle of Mount Tifata, losing around 6,000 men in the process. He only managed to regroup his shattered army at the walls of Capua, whereupon he eventually retreated to Cisalpine Gaul.^[9] In 82 BC, he was probably the Marian proconsular governor of Cisalpine Gaul. He and Gnaeus Papirius Carbo were defeated by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius at Faventia.^[10] Proscribed by Sulla, Norbanus was betrayed by one of his Legates, Publius Tullius Albinovanus, who murdered many of Norbanus’ principal officers before surrendering Ariminium to Metellus Pius.^[11]

Norbanus himself did not attend Albinovanus’ invitation, and he managed to evade capture, fleeing to Rhodes. Here he committed suicide in the middle of a market-place, while the leading citizens of Rhodes were debating whether to hand him over to Sulla.^[12]

Sources

• Broughton, T. Robert S., The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vols. I & II (1951)
• Broughton, T. Robert S., The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. III (1986)
• Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol I (1867).
• Theodor Mommsen, History of Rome, bk. iv. ch. v.;
• A. H. J. Greenidge, History of Rome.

References