Frederick Seitz

Frederick Seitz
Born	(1911-07-04)July 4, 1911 San Francisco, California, US
Died	March 2, 2008(2008-03-02) (aged 96) New York City, New York, US
Nationality	United States
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Illinois Rockefeller University
Alma mater	Lick-Wilmerding High School, Stanford University, Princeton University
Doctoral advisor	Eugene Wigner
Known for	Wigner–Seitz unit cell

Frederick Seitz (July 4, 1911 – March 2, 2008) was an American physicist and a pioneer of solid state physics. In 1979, Fred Seitz was hired by the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, makers of Camel cigarettes, to head their Medical Research Committee. In this position, Seitz was in charge of the campaign to smudge the facts regarding the harmful effects of tobacco. Seitz directed $6.3 million to researchers who consistently found no evidence conclusively linking tobacco to serious medical problems.

Seitz was president of Rockefeller University, and president of the United States National Academy of Sciences 1962–1969. The National Academy of Sciences then disassociated itself from Seitz in 1998 when Seitz headed up a report designed to look like an NAS journal article saying that carbon dioxide poses no threat to climate. The report, which was supposedly signed by 15,000 scientists, advocated the abandonment of the Kyoto Protocol. The report was not peer-reviewed. The NAS went to unusual lengths to publicly distance itself from Seitz' article.

Seitz was the recipient of the National Medal of Science, NASA's Distinguished Public Service Award, and several other honors. He founded the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and several other material research laboratories across the United States.^[1][2] Seitz was also the founding chairman of the George C. Marshall Institute,^[3] a tobacco industry consultant and a prominent skeptic on the issue of global warming.^[4]

Background and personal life

Born in San Francisco on July 4, 1911, Seitz graduated from Lick-Wilmerding High School in the middle of his senior year, and went on to study physics at Stanford University obtaining his bachelor's degree in three years,^[1] graduating in 1932.^[5] He married Elizabeth K. Marshall on May 18, 1935.^[6]

Seitz died March 2, 2008 in New York.^[4][7] He was survived by a son, three grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.^[4]

Early career

Construction of a Wigner–Seitz primitive cell.

Seitz moved to Princeton University to study metals under Eugene Wigner,^[1] gaining his PhD in 1934.^[4] He and Wigner pioneered one of the first quantum theories of crystals, and developed concepts in solid-state physics such as the Wigner–Seitz unit cell.^[1]

The Wigner-Seitz unit cell is a geometrical construction used in the study of crystalline material in solid-state physics. It is specific to crystals because the unique property of a crystal is that its atoms are arranged in a regular 3-dimensional array called a lattice. All the properties attributed to crystalline materials stem from this highly ordered structure. Such a structure exhibits discrete translational symmetry. In order to model and study such a periodic system, one needs a mathematical "handle" to describe the symmetry and hence draw conclusions about the material properties consequent to this symmetry. The Wigner–Seitz cell is a means to achieve this.

Academic career

After graduate studies, Seitz continued to work on solid state physics, publishing The Modern Theory of Solids in 1940, motivated by a desire to "write a cohesive account of the various aspects of solid-state physics in order to give the field the kind of unity it deserved". The Modern Theory of Solids helped unify and understand the relations between the fields of metallurgy, ceramics, and electronics. He was also a consultant on many World War II-related projects in metallurgy, radiation damage to solids and electronics amongst others. He, along with Hillard Huntington, made the first calculation of the energies of formation and migration of vacancies and interstitials in copper, inspiring many works on point defects in metals.^[1] The scope of his published work ranged widely, also covering "spectroscopy, luminescence, plastic deformation, irradiation effects, physics of metals, self-diffusion, point defects in metals and insulators, and science policy".^[1]

Early in his academic career, Seitz served on the faculty of the University of Rochester (1935–37)^[5] and after an interlude as a research physicist at General Electric Laboratories (1937–39)^[5] he was at the University of Pennsylvania (1939–1942) and then the Carnegie Institute of Technology (1942–49).^[5]

From 1946 to 1947, Seitz was director of the training program in atomic energy at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. He was appointed Professor of physics at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, in 1949, becoming chairman of the department in 1957 and dean and vice-president for research in 1964. Seitz also served as an advisor to NATO.^[4] From 1962 to 1969 Seitz served as President of the United States National Academy of Sciences, in a full-time capacity from 1965.^[8] As NAS president he initiated the Universities Research Association, which contracted with the Atomic Energy Commission to construct the world's largest particle accelerator at the time, Fermilab.^[1]

He was the president of Rockefeller University from 1968 to 1978 during which he helped to launch new research programs in molecular biology, cell biology, and neuroscience as well as creating a joint MD-PhD program with Cornell University.^[4] He retired from Rockefeller University in 1979, when he was made President Emeritus.

Consultancy career

After Seitz published a paper on the darkening of crystals, DuPont asked him in 1939 for help with a problem they were having with the stability of chrome yellow. He became "deeply involved" in their research efforts.^[9] Among other things, he investigated the possible use of non-toxic silicon carbide as a white pigment.^[10] Seitz was a director of Texas Instruments (1971–1982) and of Akzona Corporation (1973–1982).^[11]

Shortly before his 1979 retirement from Rockefeller University, Seitz began working as a permanent consultant for the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, advising their medical research program^[12] until 1988.^[4] Reynolds had previously provided "very generous" support for biomedical work at Rockefeller.^[13] Seitz later wrote that "The money was all spent on basic science, medical science," and pointed to Reynolds-funded research on mad cow disease and tuberculosis.^[4] Nonetheless, later academic studies of tobacco industry influence concluded that Seitz, who helped allocate $45m of Reynolds' research funding,^[14] "played a key role... in helping the tobacco industry produce uncertainty concerning the health impacts of smoking."^[15]

In 1984 Seitz was the founding chairman of the George C. Marshall Institute,^[16][17] and was its chairman until 2001.^[18][19] The Institute was founded to argue for President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative,^[20] but "in the 1990s it branched out to become one of the leading think tanks trying to debunk the science of climate change."^[21][22] A 1990 report co-authored with Institute co-founders Robert Jastrow and William Nierenberg "centrally informed the Bush administration's position on human-induced climate change".^[23] The Institute also promoted environmental skepticism more generally. In 1994, the Institute published a paper by Seitz titled Global warming and ozone hole controversies: A challenge to scientific judgment. Seitz questioned the view that CFCs "are the greatest threat to the ozone layer".^[24] In the same paper, commenting on the dangers of secondary inhalation of tobacco smoke, he concluded "there is no good scientific evidence that passive inhalation is truly dangerous under normal circumstances."^[25]

Seitz was a central figure amongst skeptics of global warming.^[4][26] He was the highest-ranking scientist among a band of doubters who, beginning in the early 1990s, resolutely disputed suggestions that global warming was serious threat.^[27] Seitz argued that the science behind global warming was inconclusive and "certainly didn't warrant imposing mandatory limits on greenhouse-gas emissions".^[27] Seitz questioned whether global warming is anthropogenic.^[28]

Seitz signed the 1995 Leipzig Declaration and, in an open letter inviting scientists to sign the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine's global warming petition, called for the United States to reject the Kyoto Protocol.^[4] The letter was accompanied by a 12-page article on climate change which followed a style and format nearly identical to that of a contribution to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a scientific journal,^[29] even including a date of publication ("October 26") and volume number ("Vol. 13: 149–164 1999"), but was not actually a publication of the National Academy. In response the United States National Academy of Sciences took what the New York Times called "the extraordinary step of refuting the position of one [of] its former presidents."^{[4][30][31][32]} The NAS also made it clear that "The petition does not reflect the conclusions of expert reports of the Academy."^[31]

Publishing

Seitz wrote a range of scientific books in his field, including The modern theory of solids (1940) and The physics of metals (1943). Later he co-authored books such as the Theory of lattice dynamics in the harmonic approximation (1971) and Solid state physics. The latter, begun in 1955, reached 60 volumes by 2008, with Seitz remaining an active editor until volume 38 in 1984.^[1] After his retirement he co-authored a book on global warming, published via the George C. Marshall Institute he chaired. He published his autobiography in 1994. Other works included biographies of American physicist Francis Wheeler Loomis (1991) and Canadian inventor Reginald Fessenden (1999), a history of silicon, and a history of the US National Academy of Sciences (2007).

Criticism

In the early 1970s, Seitz became unpopular for his support of the Vietnam war, a position which most of his colleagues on the President's Science Advisory Committee did not share. In the late 1970s, Seitz also parted company with his scientific colleagues on questions of nuclear preparedness. Seitz was committed to "a muscular military strengthened by the most technologically advanced weaponry", while the scientific community generally supported arms limitations talks and treaties. Seitz was also ardently anti-communist and his support for aggressive weapons programs was a reflection of this.^[33]

In their book Merchants of Doubt, science historians Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway state that Seitz "justified his increasing social and intellectual isolation by blaming others".^[33] Seitz said that American science had become "rigid", and his colleagues had become closed-minded and dogmatic. According to Oreskes and Conway, Seitz believed passionately in science and technology as the basis for modern health and wealth, but was disappointed that others did not share this view.^[33]

Oreskes and Conway were critical of Seitz's involvement in the tobacco industry. They stated that Seitz stood against the scientific consensus that smoking was dangerous to people's health, and helped to create confusion and doubt on this issue.^[33]

Awards and recognition

Seitz was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1952, serving as its President from 1962 to 1969.^[8] He received the Franklin Medal (1965). In 1973 he was awarded the National Medal of Science "for his contributions to the modern quantum theory of the solid state of matter."^[4] He also received the United States Department of Defense Distinguished Service Award; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Distinguished Public Service Award; and the Compton Award, the highest honor of the American Institute of Physics.^[4] In addition to Rockefeller University, 31 universities in the US and abroad awarded Seitz honorary degrees.^[34] He was also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.^[34]

Seitz served on a range of boards of charitable institutions, including (as chair) John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1976–1983^[11]) and Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation,^[5] and (as trustee) American Museum of Natural History (from 1975^[11]) and Institute of International Education.^[5] He was also a board member of the Center for Strategic and International Studies.^[5] Other appointments to a range of national and international agencies included serving on the Defense Science Board and serving as chair of the US delegation to the United Nations Committee on Science and Technology.^[5] He also served on the board of trustees of Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1971 to 1974.

Positions held

Academic

• Carnegie Tech, Head of the physics department (1946–?)^[35]
• University of Illinois, Professor of physics (1949–1968)^{[1][citation needed]}
• American Institute of Physics, Chairman (1954–1959)^[1]
• Academic Press, Editor (1955–1984)^[1]
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization, (1959–1960)^[1]
• American Physical Society, Chairman (1961)^[1]
• United States National Academy of Sciences, President (1962–1969)^[8]
• Rockefeller University, President Emeritus (1968–1978)^[1]
• Physica Status Solidi B, Editorial Board Member^[36]

Private sector

• George C. Marshall Institute, Co-founder, Chairman (1984–2001)^[17][18][19]
• Richard Lounsbery Foundation, President (1995–?)^[11][37]
• Science and Environmental Policy Project, Chair (?–?)^[38]
• Advancement of Sound Science Center, member of advisory board^[39]

Books

• Frederick Seitz, A matrix-algebraic development of the crystallographic groups, Princeton University, 1934
• Frederick Seitz, The modern theory of solids, McGraw-Hill, 1940
• Frederick Seitz, The physics of metals, McGraw-Hill, 1943
• Frederick Seitz, David Turnbull, A. A. Maradudin, E. W. Montroll, G. H. Weiss, Theory of lattice dynamics in the harmonic approximation, New York, 1971
• Robert Jastrow, William Aaron Nierenberg, Frederick Seitz, Global warming: what does the science tell us?, George C. Marshall Institute, 1990
• Robert Jastrow, William Aaron Nierenberg, Frederick Seitz, Scientific perspectives on the greenhouse problem, Marshall Press, 1990
• Frederick Seitz, Francis Wheeler Loomis: August 4, 1889 – February 9, 1976, National Academy Press, 1991
• Frederick Seitz, On the Frontier, My Life in Science (American Institute of Physics, 1994)
• Nikolaus Riehl and Frederick Seitz, Stalin’s Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb (American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations, 1996) ISBN 0-8412-3310-1.

This book is a translation of Nikolaus Riehl’s book Zehn Jahre im goldenen Käfig (Ten Years in a Golden Cage) (Riederer-Verlag, 1988); but Seitz wrote a lengthy introduction. It contains 58 photographs.

• Frederick Seitz and Norman G. Einspruch, Electronic genie: the tangled history of silicon, University of Illinois Press, 1998.
• Frederick Seitz, The science matrix: the journey, travails, triumphs, Springer, 1998.
• Frederick Seitz, The cosmic inventor Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (1866–1932), American Philosophical Society, 1999
• Henry Ehrenreich, Frederick Seitz, David Turnbull, Frans Spaepen, Solid state physics, Academic Press, 2006
• Frederick Seitz, A selection of highlights from the history of the National Academy of Sciences, 1863–2005, University Press of America, 2007.

See also

• Chapter 8 controversy
• Wigner–Seitz radius
• Wigner–Seitz cell

References

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Frederick Seitz

• Obituary in The Times, 11 March 2008
• President Emeritus Frederick Seitz dies at 96 (Rockefeller University Newswire)
• Official Rockefeller University scientific biography (1985)
• The George C. Marshall Institute: A Conversation with Dr. Frederick Seitz – September 3, 1997
• Another biography from PBS
• SourceWatch article
• Do people cause global warming?
• Vanity Fair article discussing Seitz's advocacy for tobacco and oil industries
• Vanity Scare (TCS Daily, April 14, 2006): rebuttal to Seitz article in Vanity Fair
• Notes on Seitz's work on health studies funded by the tobacco industry and on global warming for Exxon Mobil front organizations