Frances Hardcastle

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Frances Hardcastle
Born August 13, 1866
Writtle, Essex, UK[1]
Died December 26, 1941
Stocksfield-on-Tyne, UK[2]
Fields Mathematics
Alma mater University of Cambridge

Frances Hardcastle (August 13, 1866 – December 26, 1941)[2] was a mathematician and one of the founding members, in 1894, of the American Mathematical Society.[3] Her work included contributions to the theory of point groups.[4]

Biography

Her father was Henry Hardcastle, a barrister,[5] and her grandfather was the astronomer, mathematician and chemist John Herschel.[4] Born and educated in England,[4] she was a fellow of Girton College, Cambridge from 1888 to 1892,[6] where she obtained a Certificate in Mathematics.[4] She left for the USA in 1892 to study at Bryn Mawr College, where she was president of the Graduate Club,[3] though she did not earn a degree and returned to the UK in 1901.[3] She earned her BA degree from the University of London in 1903.[4]

Hardcastle was one of 156 British women who publicly supported the aims of the International Congress of Women, held in The Hague in April 1915. These aims were, "1. To demand that international disputes shall in future shall in future be settled by some other means than war," and "2. To claim that women shall have a voice in the affairs of nations."[7] Until 1909, she was an Honorary Secretary of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS).[8]

Hardcastle was the lifelong companion of Dr Ethel Williams, a Justice of the Peace, feminist and social reformer.[9]

Notable publications

  • "Observations on the Modern Theory of Point-Groups" (c. 1897) American Mathematical Society Bulletin (4)[4]
  • "Theorem Concerning the Special Systems of Point-Groups on a Particular type of Base-Curve" (1898) Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society (29)[4]
  • "Present State of the Theory of Point Groups" (1902) British Association Report 1900[4]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Frances Hardcastle" in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. Society. 1942. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Patricia C. Kenschaft (2005). Change Is Possible: Stories of Women And Minorities in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8218-3748-1. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 M. Ogilvie (6 July 2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Taylor & Francis US. p. 555. ISBN 978-0-415-92038-4. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  5. ↑ Creese, Mary R. S.; Creese, Thomas M. (January 1998). Ladies in the laboratory?: American and British women in science, 1800–1900 : a survey of their contributions to research. Scarecrow Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8108-3287-9. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  6. ↑ Bryn Mawr College (1894). Report of the President. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  7. ↑ Oldfield, Sybil (7 January 1994). "England's Cassandras in World War One". This Working-Day World: Women's Lives And Culture(s) In Britain, 1914–1945. Taylor & Francis. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-7484-0107-9. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  8. ↑ Elizab Crawford (22 January 2001). "National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies". Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928. Routledge. pp. 436–442. ISBN 978-0-415-23926-4. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 
  9. ↑ Oldfield, Sybil (2 August 2001). Women humanitarians: a biographical dictionary of British women active between 1900 and 1950 : 'doers of the word'. Continuum. pp. 276–278. ISBN 978-0-8264-4962-7. Retrieved 19 October 2012. 

Further reading

External links

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