Fractionation
Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (solid, liquid, suspension or isotope) is divided up in a number of smaller quantities (fractions) in which the composition varies according to a gradient. Fractions are collected based on differences in a specific property of the individual components. A common trait in fractionations is the need to find an optimum between the amount of fractions collected and the desired purity in each fraction. Fractionation makes it possible to isolate more than two components in a mixture in a single run. This property sets it apart from other separation techniques.
Fractionation is widely employed in many branches of science and technology. Mixtures of liquids and gases are separated by fractional distillation by difference in boiling point. Fractionation of components also takes place in column chromatography by a difference in affinity between stationary phase and the mobile phase. In fractional crystallization and fractional freezing, chemical substances are fractionated based on difference in solubility at a given temperature. In cell fractionation, cell components are separated by difference in mass.
Fractionation of natural samples
Bioassay-guided fractionation
In pharmacognosy, a typical protocol to isolate a pure chemical agent from natural origin is bioassay-guided fractionation, meaning step-by-step separation of extracted components based on differences in their physicochemical properties, and assessing the biological activity, followed by next round of separation and assaying.
Blood fractionation
Fractionation of food
Fractionation is also used for culinary purposes, as coconut oil, palm oil, and palm kernel oil are fractionated to produce oils of different viscosities, that may be used for different purposes. These oils typically use fractional crystallization (separation by solubility at temperatures) for the separation process instead of distillation. Mango oil is an oil fraction obtained during the processing of mango butter.
Milk can also be fractionated to recover the milk protein concentrate or the milk basic proteins fraction.
Isotope fractionation
Dose fractionation
See also
References
Further reading
- Laboratory Handbook for Fractionation of Natural Extracts., by Peter J. Houghtonand Amala Raman, publisher: Chapman & Hall, 1998 - 199 pages