Florida cracker

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Bit of Cow Country, by Frederic Remington, published in Harper's Weekly magazine

Florida cracker refers to colonial-era English and American pioneer settlers and their descendants in what is now the U.S. state of Florida. The first of these arrived in 1763 after Spain traded Florida to Great Britain following the latter's victory over France in the Seven Years' War.

Historical usage

The term "cracker" was in use during the Elizabethan era to describe braggarts. The original root of this is the Middle English word crack, meaning "entertaining conversation" (One may be said to "crack" a joke); this term and the Gaelicized spelling "craic" are still in use in Northern England, Ireland and Scotland. It is documented in William Shakespeare's King John (1595): "What cracker is this ... that deafes our ears / With this abundance of superfluous breath?"

By the 1760s the English, both at home and in the American colonies, applied the term “cracker” to Scots-Irish and English American settlers of the remote southern back country, as noted in a letter to the Earl of Dartmouth: "I should explain to your Lordship what is meant by Crackers; a name they have got from being great boasters; they are a lawless set of rascalls on the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia, who often change their places of abode."[citation needed] The word was later associated with the cowboys of Georgia and Florida, many of them descendants of those early frontiersmen who had migrated South. Also used by Florida cowboys, like with picture of Florida cracker Bone Mizell

Cracker Cowmen

A cracker cowboy
artist: Frederick Remington

In Florida, those who own or work cattle traditionally have been called cowmen. In the late 1800s, they were often called cow hunters, a reference to hunting for cattle scattered over the wooded rangelands during roundups. At times the terms cowman and Cracker have been used interchangeably because of similarities in their folk culture. Today the western term "cowboy" is often used for those who work cattle.[1]

The Florida "cowhunter" or "cracker cowboy" of the 19th and early 20th centuries was distinct from the Spanish vaquero and the Western cowboy. Florida cowboys did not use lassos to herd or capture cattle. Their primary tools were cow whips and dogs. Florida cattle and horses were smaller than the western breeds. The "cracker cow", also known as the "native" or "scrub" cow, averaged about 600 pounds (270 kg) and had large horns and large feet.[2]

Modern usage

Among some Floridians, the term is used as a proud or jocular self-description. Since the huge influx of new residents into Florida in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, from the northern parts of the United States and from Mexico and Latin America, the term "Florida Cracker" is used informally by some Floridians to indicate that their families have lived in the state for many generations. It is considered a source of pride to be descended from "frontier people who did not just live but flourished in a time before air conditioning, mosquito repellent, and screens."[3][4]

Other Floridians find the term highly offensive and insulting:

"'Cracker' has a murky history but generally describes poor whites. The slur is widely considered an insult among white southerners. . . . . for plenty of rural, white southerners, "cracker" is a demeaning, bigoted term . . . the equivalent of redneck."[5]

Cracker Storytelling Festival

Since the late 20th century, the Cracker Storytelling Festival has been held annually in the fall at Homeland Heritage Park in Homeland, Florida. The year 2013 marked the 25th anniversary of the festival. The Cracker Storytelling Festival includes many storytellers from around Florida who come to share their stories with visitors. The majority of visitors who attend this event are students, because storytelling is part of the Florida curriculum. The festival also incorporates local crafts and artwork, food vendors and a cracker whip-cracking contest. [6]

Notable Florida crackers

  • Doyle E. Carlton – 25th governor of Florida (1929–1933), U.S. Senator from Florida (1971–1989)
  • Kathy Castor – member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Florida's 11th congressional district (2007–2013) and 14th congressional district (2013–present)
  • Lawton Chiles – 41st governor of Florida (1991–1998)
  • LeRoy Collins – 33rd governor of Florida (1955–1961)
  • Fred P. Cone – 27th governor of Florida (1937–1941)
  • William Cooley – Florida pioneer
  • Bob Graham – 38th governor of Florida (1979–1987), U.S. Senator from Florida (1987–2005)
  • Ben Hill Griffin Jr. – "A Cracker millionaire from Frostproof, Fla."[7]
  • Spessard Holland – 28th governor of Florida (1941–1945), U.S. Senator (1946–1971)
  • Bill Nelson – member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1979–1991), NASA payload specialist (STS-61-C), U.S. Senator (2001–present)
  • Adam Putnam – member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Florida's 12th congressional district (2001–2011), Florida Agriculture Commissioner (2011–present)
  • Fuller Warren – 30th governor of Florida (1949–1953)
  • Janet Reno- U.S. Attorney General (1993-2001)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Florida Memory". Retrieved 5 November 2012. 
  2. ↑ Tasker, Georgia (February 6, 2007). "Rancher preserves Florida's Cracker history". The Miami Herald. Retrieved February 21, 2007. 
  3. ↑ Ste Claire, Dana (2006). Cracker: Cracker Culture in Florida History. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3028-9. 
  4. ↑ http://www.theledger.com/article/20101007/ENTERTAINMENT/10075023/1308/TIMEOUT?Title=Take-a-Trip-Back-in-Time-at-Homeland-Cracker-Storytelling-Festival
  5. ↑ Foreman, Tom. "'Cracker' conveys history of bigotry that still resonates", CNN.com, 2 July 2013, accessed 30 July 2013.
  6. ↑ "Cracker Storytelling Festival". 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013. 
  7. ↑ Bennett, Jim (October 1999). "Bone Mizell: Cracker Cowboy of the Palmetto Prairies". Wild West (Weider History Group). 

External links

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike; additional terms may apply for the media files.