Florida arrowroot

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Florida arrowroot was the commercial name of an edible starch extracted from Zamia integrifolia (coontie), a small cycad native to North America.

Use

TEM of a Zamia starch grain found at an archaeological site in Puerto Rico

Like other cycads, Zamia integrifolia is poisonous, producing a toxin that affects the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system. The toxin can however be removed by careful leaching, and the roots and half-buried stems of this cycad were used by Native American people (notably the Tequesta and Mayaimi Indians, the Seminole Indians and the Maroons) to produce this starch. The root is typically prepared by grinding (macerating) it using a wooden mortar and pestle. The pulp is then saturated in water and drained. The drained fluid is allowed to dry[citation needed] and the resulting yellowish powder is used in the preparation of various foods. In commercial production, multiple macerations achieved a whiter color.

Commercial production of the starch (using roots gathered from wild plants) occurred in southern Florida from the 1830s until the 1920s. The starch was sold as Florida arrowroot[1] until the Food and Drug Administration banned the practice in 1925. The last commercial "coontie starch" factory in Florida was destroyed by the 1926 Miami Hurricane.[2]

Etymology

The reference to arrowroot, a well known and high quality starch, was a marketing ploy. Because of this use, Zamia integrifolia is sometimes known as Florida arrowroot.

References

  1. ↑ Lounsberry, Alice; Ellis Rowan, Marian Ellis Ryan Rowan (1901). Southern Wild Flowers and Trees: Together with Shrubs, Vines and Various Forms of Growth Found Through the Mountains, the Middle District and the Low Country of the South. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. p. 570. ISBN 0-394-49638-8.  , page 1. Note: this source identifies the species as Zamia pumila, which is very similar to Z. integrifolia but does not occur in Florida, thus the cycad in question would have been Z. integrifolia.
  2. ↑ Taylor, Jean. (1986) Villages of South Dade. St. Petersburg, Florida: Byron Kennedy and Company. ISBN 0-04-107212-6. LCCN 88-132899. OCLC 18906834. p. 48.
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