Floian

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Key events in the Ordovician

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First land plant spores^[1]

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Archaeocyatha extinction

Key events of the Ordovician Period.
Left: ICS approved stages.
Right: British Series.
Axis scale: millions of years ago.^[2]

The Floian is the second stage of the Ordovician. It succeeds the Tremadocian with which it forms the Lower Ordovician epoch. It precedes the Dapingian stage of the Middle Ordovician. The Floian extended from 477.7 ± 1.4 to 470.0 ± 1.4 million years ago. The lower boundary is defined as the first appearance of the graptolite species Tetragraptus approximatus.^[3]

Naming and History

The Floian stage is named after Flo, a village in Västergötland, southern Sweden. The name "Floan" was proposed in 2004, but the International Commission on Stratigraphy adapted Floian as the official name of the stage.^[4]

GSSP

The GSSP of the Floian is the Diabasbrottet Quarry (58°21′32″N 12°30′09″E / 58.3589°N 12.5024°E / 58.3589; 12.5024) which is an outcrop of a shale-dominated stratigraphic succession. The lower boundary of the Floian is defined as the first appearance of Tetragraptus approximatus which is above the base of the Tøyen Shale.^[4] Radiometric dating has set the Tremadocian-Floian boundary at 477.7 ± 1.4million years ago.^[3]

References

↑ Wellman, C.H., Gray, J. (2000). "The microfossil record of early land plants". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 355 (1398): 717–732. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0612. PMC 1692785. PMID 10905606.
↑ Gradstein, F. M., ed. (2012). The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Elsevier Science Ltd. p. 504. ISBN 978-0444594259.
↑ 3.0 3.1 "GSSP Table - Paleozoic Era". Geologic TimeScale Foundation. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
↑ 4.0 4.1 Bergström, Stig M.; Anita Löfgren, Jörg Maletz (2004). "The GSSP of the Second (Upper) Stage of the Lower Ordovician Series: Diabasbrottet at Hunneberg, Province of Västergötland, Southwestern Sweden". Episodes 27 (4): 265–272. Retrieved 20 September 2012. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

Geologic history of Earth

Precambrian supereon (4.6 Gya – 542 Mya)

In left column are eons; right column: bold are eras; not bold are periods:

Hadean
(4.6 – 3.8 Gya)

Paleohadean (4.6 – 4.3 Gya)

Mesohadean (4.3 – 4.1 Gya)

Neohadean (4.1 – 3.8 Gya)

Archean
(3.8 – 2.5 Gya)

Eoarchean (3.8 – 3.6 Gya)

Paleoarchean (3.6 – 3.2 Gya)

Mesoarchean (3.2 – 2.8 Gya)

Neoarchean (2.8 – 2.5 Gya)

Proterozoic
(2.5 Gya – 542 Mya)

Paleoproterozoic (2.5 – 1.6 Gya): Siderian (2.5 – 2.3 Gya) Rhyacian (2.3 – 2.05 Gya) Orosirian (2.05 – 1.8 Gya) Statherian (1.8 – 1.6 Gya)

Mesoproterozoic (1.6 – 1 Gya): Calymmian (1.6 – 1.4 Gya) Ectasian (1.4 – 1.2 Gya) Stenian (1.2 – 1 Gya)

Neoproterozoic (1 Gya – 541.0 Mya): Tonian (1 Gya – 850 Mya) Cryogenian (850 – 635 Mya) Ediacaran (635 – 542 Mya)

Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.

Phanerozoic eon (542 Mya – Today)

In horizontal bars are eras; in left column are periods; right column: bold are epochs; not bold not italic are ages; italic are chrons:

Paleozoic (542 – 250 Mya)

Cambrian
(542 – 485 Mya)

Terreneuvian (542 – 521 Mya): Fortunian (542 – 529 Mya) Age 2* (529 – 521 Mya)

*Epoch 2 (521 – 509 Mya)*: Age 3 (521 – 514 Mya) Age 4* (514 – 509 Mya)

*Epoch 3 (509 – 497 Mya)*: Age 5 (509 – 505 Mya) Drumian (505 – 501 Mya) Guzhangian (501 – 497 Mya)

Furongian (497 – 485 Mya): Paibian (497 – 494 Mya) Jiangshanian (494 – 490 Mya) Age 10* (490 – 485 Mya)

Ordovician
(485 – 443 Mya)

Early Ordovician (485 – 470 Mya): Tremadocian (485 – 478 Mya) Floian (478 – 470 Mya)

Middle Ordovician (470.0 – 458.4 Mya): Dapingian (470 – 467 Mya) Darriwilian (467 – 458 Mya)

Late Ordovician (458 – 443 Mya): Sandbian (458 – 453 Mya) Katian (453 – 445 Mya) Hirnantian (445 – 443 Mya)

Silurian
(443 – 419 Mya)

Llandovery (443 – 433 Mya): Rhuddanian (443 – 441 Mya) Aeronian (441 – 439 Mya) Telychian (439 – 434 Mya)

Wenlock (434 – 427 Mya): Sheinwoodian (434 – 431 Mya) Homerian (431 – 427 Mya)

Ludlow (427 – 423 Mya): Gorstian (427 – 426 Mya) Ludfordian (426 – 423 Mya)

Pridoli (423 – 419 Mya)

Devonian
(419 – 359 Mya)

Early Devonian (419 – 393 Mya): Lochkovian (419 – 411 Mya) Pragian (411 – 408 Mya) Emsian (408 – 393 Mya)

Middle Devonian (393.3 – 382.7 Mya): Eifelian (393 – 388 Mya) Givetian (388 – 383 Mya)

Late Devonian (382.7 – 358.9 Mya): Frasnian (383 – 372 Mya) Famennian (372 – 360 Mya)

Carboniferous
(360 – 300 Mya)

Mississippian (360 – 323 Mya): Tournaisian (360 – 347 Mya) Viséan (347 – 331 Mya) Serpukhovian (331 – 323 Mya)

Pennsylvanian (323 – 300 Mya): Bashkirian (323 – 315 Mya) Moscovian (315 – 307 Mya) Kasimovian (307 – 304 Mya) Gzhelian (304 – 300 Mya)

Permian
(300 – 250 Mya)

Cisuralian (300 – 272 Mya): Asselian (300 – 295 Mya) Sakmarian (295 – 290 Mya) Artinskian (290 – 284 Mya) Kungurian (284 – 272 Mya)

Guadalupian (272 – 260 Mya): Roadian (272 – 269 Mya) Wordian (269 – 265 Mya) Capitanian (265 – 260 Mya)

Lopingian (260 – 250 Mya): Wuchiapingian (260 – 254 Mya) Changhsingian (254 – 250 Mya)

Kasimovian and Gzhelian comprise Late Pennsylvanian (307.0 – 298.9 Mya) subepoch.

Mesozoic (250 – 65 Mya)

Triassic
(250 – 200 Mya)

Early Triassic (250.17 – 247 Mya): Induan (250 – 248 Mya) Olenekian (248 – 247 Mya)

Middle Triassic (247 – 235 Mya): Anisian (247 – 242 Mya) Ladinian (242 – 235 Mya)

Late Triassic (235 – 200 Mya): Carnian (235 – 228 Mya) Norian (228 – 209 Mya) Rhaetian (209 – 200 Mya)

Jurassic
(200 – 144 Mya)

Early Jurassic (200 – 174 Mya): Hettangian (200 – 199 Mya) Sinemurian (199 – 191 Mya) Pliensbachian (191 – 183 Mya) Toarcian (183 – 174 Mya)

Middle Jurassic (174 – 164 Mya): Aalenian (174 – 170 Mya) Bajocian (170 – 168 Mya) Bathonian (168 – 166 Mya) Callovian (166 – 164 Mya)

Late Jurassic (164 – 145 Mya): Oxfordian (164 – 157 Mya) Kimmeridgian (157 – 152 Mya) Tithonian (152 – 145 Mya)

Cretaceous
(145 – 65 Mya)

Early Cretaceous (144 – 100 Mya): Berriasian (144 – 140 Mya) Valanginian (140 – 133 Mya) Hauterivian (133 – 129 Mya) Barremian (129 – 125 Mya) Aptian (125 – 113 Mya) Albian (113 – 100 Mya)

Late Cretaceous (100 – 65 Mya): Cenomanian (100 – 94 Mya) Turonian (94 – 90 Mya) Coniacian (90 – 86 Mya) Santonian (86 – 84 Mya) Campanian (84 – 72 Mya) Maastrichtian (72 – 65 Mya)

Cenozoic (65 Mya – Today)

Paleogene
(65 – 23 Mya)

Paleocene (65 – 56 Mya): Danian (65 – 62 Mya) Selandian (62 – 59 Mya) Thanetian (59 – 56 Mya)

Eocene (56 – 34 Mya): Ypresian (56 – 48 Mya) Lutetian (48 – 41 Mya) Bartonian (41 – 38 Mya) Priabonian (38 – 34 Mya)

Oligocene (34 – 23 Mya): Rupelian (34 – 28 Mya) Chattian (28 – 23 Mya)

Neogene
(23 – 1 Mya)

Miocene (23 – 5 Mya): Aquitanian (23 – 20 Mya) Burdigalian (20 – 16 Mya) Langhian (16 – 14 Mya) Serravallian (14 – 12 Mya) Tortonian (12 – 7 Mya) Messinian (7 – 5 Mya)

Pliocene (5 – 1 Mya): Piacenzian (5 – 4 Mya) Zanclean (4 – 1 Mya)

Quaternary
(1 Mya – Today)

Pleistocene (1 Mya – 12 kya): Gelasian (1 Mya – 870 kya) Calabrian (870 – 780 kya) Middle Pleistocene (Ionian) (780 – 126 kya) Late Pleistocene (Tarantian) (126 – 12 kya): Oldest Dryas (18 – 16 kya)* Bølling (16 – 15 kya)* Older Dryas (15 – 14 kya)* Allerød (14 – 13 kya)* Younger Dryas (13 – 12 kya)*

Holocene (12 kya – Today): Preboreal (12 – 9 kya)* Boreal (9 – 8 kya)* Atlantic (8 – 5 kya)* Subboreal (5 – 2.5 kya)* Subatlantic (2.5 kya – Today)*

Paleogene, Neogene and early Pleistocene comprise former Tertiary* (65 – 1 Mya) period. Gelasian and Calabrian comprise Early Pleistocene (1 Mya – 780 kya) subepoch.

kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. * Not officially recognized by the I.C.S.

Source: International Chronostratigraphic Chart (January 2013). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 27 March 2013. Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013.

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