Flaying

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Michelangelo's "Last Judgment" - St Bartholomew holding the knife of his martyrdom and his flayed skin; it is conjectured that Michelangelo included a self-portrait depicting himself as St Bartholomew after he had been flayed (skinned alive). One scholar has theorized that this is reflective of the feelings of contempt Michelangelo had for being commissioned to paint "The Last Judgment."[1]
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Flaying, also known colloquially as skinning, is the removal of skin from the body. Generally, an attempt is made to keep the removed portion of skin intact.

Scope

An animal may be flayed in preparation for human consumption, or for its hide or fur; this is more commonly called skinning. Flaying of humans is used as a method of torture or execution, depending on how much of the skin is removed. This article deals with flaying in the sense of torture and execution. This is often referred to as "flaying alive." There are also records of people flayed after death, generally as a means of debasing the corpse of a prominent enemy or criminal, sometimes related to religious beliefs (e.g. to deny an afterlife); sometimes the skin is used, again for deterrence, magical uses, etc. (e.g. scalping).

Causes of death

Dermatologist Ernst G. Jung notes that the typical causes of death due to flaying are shock, critical loss of blood or other body fluids, hypothermia, or infections, and that the actual death is estimated to occur from a few hours, up to a few days after the flaying.[2]

History

The Assyrian tradition
Ernst G. Jung, in his "Kleine Kulturgeschichte Der Haut" ("A small cultural history of the skin") provides an essay in which he outlines the Neo-Assyrian tradition of flaying human beings.[3] Already from the times of Ashurnasirpal II (r.883-859 BC), the practice is displayed and commemorated in both carvings and official royal edicts. The carvings show that the actual flaying process might begin at various places on the body, such as at the Crus (lower leg), the thighs, or on the behind. In their royal edicts, the Neo-Assyrian kings seem to gloat over the terrible fate they imposed upon their captives, and that flaying seems, in particular, to be the fate meted out to rebel leaders. Jung provides some examples of this triumphant rhetoric, here are some from Ashurnasirpal II:
I have made a pillar facing the city gate, and have flayed all the rebel leaders; I have clad the pillar in the flayed skins..I let the leaders of the conquered cities be flayed, and clad the city walls with their skins, the captives, I have killed by the sword and flung on the dung heap, the little boys and girls were burnt
Other

The Aztecs of Mexico flayed victims of ritual human sacrifice, generally after death.

Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of traitors in medieval Europe. A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early 18th century in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1979).

The Subprior and the Sacrist of Westminster Abbey broke into the Chapel of the Pyx in 1303, the abbey muniment and treasury chamber, and stole from the contents. The Pyx chapel door has been found to have fragments of human skin attached to it as have the three doors to the revestry. The Copford church in Essex, England has been found to have human skin attached to a door.[4]

In Chinese history, Sun Hao, Fu Sheng and Gao Heng were known for removing skin from people's faces.[5] The Hongwu Emperor flayed many servants, officials and rebels.[6][7] In 1396 he ordered the flaying of 5000 women.[8] Hai Rui suggested that his emperor flay corrupt officials. The Zhengde Emperor flayed six rebels,[9] and Zhang Xianzhong also flayed many people.[10] Lu Xun said the Ming Dynasty was begun and ended by flaying.[11]

Depictions of flayings

'The Flaying of Marsyas' after challenging Apollo. Painting by Titian.
'The Judgement of Cambyses, part 2' half of a diptych painted by Gerard David in 1498.
  • Yahu-Bihdi, ruler of Hamath, was flayed alive by the Assyrians under Sargon II.
  • According to Herodotus, Sisamnes, a corrupt judge under Cambyses II of Persia, was flayed alive for accepting a bribe.
  • In Greek mythology, Marsyas, a satyr, was flayed alive for daring to challenge Apollo.
  • Also according to Greek mythology, Aloeus is said to have had his wife flayed alive.
  • Tradition holds that Saint Bartholomew was flayed before being crucified.
  • In Aztec mythology, Xipe Totec is the flayed god of death and rebirth. Slaves were flayed annually as sacrifices to him.
  • The Talmud discusses how Rabbi Akiva was flayed by the Romans for the public teaching of Torah.
  • Mani, founding prophet of Manichaeism, was said to have been flayed or beheaded (c. 275).
  • Totila is said to have ordered the bishop of Perugia, Herculanus, to be flayed when he captured that city in 549.
  • Pierre Basile was flayed alive and all defenders of the chateau hanged on 6 April 1199, by order of the mercenary leader Mercadier, for shooting and killing King Richard I of England with a crossbow at the siege of Chalus in March 1199.
  • In 1314, the brothers d'Aulnoy, who were lovers to the daughters-in-law of king Philip IV of France, were flayed alive, then castrated and beheaded; and their bodies were exposed on a gibbet. The extreme severity of their punishment was due to the lèse majesté nature of the crime.
  • In 1589, Beele (Sybil) Stumpp daughter of Peter Stumpp was ordered flayed by Catholic judges for being an incest victim of a convicted 'werewolf', before being raped and burned alive.
  • The Polish Jesuit Saint Andrew Bobola was burned, half strangled, partly flayed alive and killed by a sabre stroke by Eastern Orthodox Cossacks
  • One of the plastinated exhibits in Body Worlds includes an entire posthumously flayed skin, and many of the other exhibits have had their skin removed.
  • In 991 AD during a Viking raid in England, a Danish Viking was flayed by London locals for ransacking a church.
  • Daskalogiannis, a Cretan rebel against the Ottoman Empire, was flayed alive and it is said that he suffered in dignified silence.
  • The Rawhide Valley in Wyoming is said to have gotten its name from a white settler who was flayed alive there for murdering a Native American woman.
  • In 1404 or 1417, the Hurufi Imad ud-Din Nesîmî, an Islamic poet of Turkic extraction, was flayed alive, apparently on orders of a Timurid governor, and for heresy.
  • In the United States, Nat Turner was hanged on November 11, 1831. His body was then flayed, beheaded, and quartered.
  • In Haruki Murakami’s novel The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994-1995), the character Mamiya is traumatised by having witnessed a colleague being flayed to death in Manchukuo in the late 1930s.
  • In March 415, Hypatia of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher, was murdered by a Christian mob of Nitrian monks who accused her of paganism. They stripped her naked, skinned her with ostraca (pot shards), and then burned her remains.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dixon, John W. Jr. "The Terror of Salvation: The Last Judgment". Retrieved 2007-08-01. 
  2. ↑ Jung (2007), p.69
  3. ↑ Paragraph based on the essay "Von Ursprung des Schindens in Assyrien" in Jung (2007), p.67-70
  4. ↑ Wall, J. Charles (1912), Porches and Fonts. Wells Gardner and Darton, London. pp. 41-42.
  5. ↑ . 中国死刑观察--中国的酷刑
  6. ↑ "也谈“剥皮实草”的真实性". Eywedu.com. Retrieved 2013-07-11. 
  7. ↑ 覃垕曬皮
  8. ↑ 陈学霖(2001). 史林漫识. China Friendship Publishing Company.
  9. ↑ History of Ming, vol.94
  10. ↑ "写入青史总断肠(2)". Book.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2013-07-11. 
  11. ↑ 鲁迅. 且介亭雜文·病後雜談

Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press 

Bibliography

  • Jung, Ernst G. (2007). "Von Ursprung des Schindens in Assyrien", in "Kleine Kulturgeschichte Der Haut". Springer Verlag. ISBN 9783798517578. 

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