Filobasidiella
| Filobasidiella | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Tremellomycetes |
| Order: | Tremellales |
| Family: | Tremellaceae |
| Genus: | Filobasidiella Kwon-Chung |
| Type species | |
| Filobasidiella neoformans | |
Filobasidiella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. Species are parasitic on other fungi and do not produce distinct basidiocarps (fruit bodies). The genus is the teleomorphic (sexual) state of the yeast genus Cryptococcus, some species of which are human pathogens.
History
The genus was first described in 1975 from the USA by K.J. Kwon-Chung, who obtained cultures of the type species, Filobasidiella neoformans, by crossing strains of the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. She was able to observe basidia similar to those of the genus Filobasidium, hence the name Filobasidiella for the new genus.[1]
Based on the shape and structure of the basidia, the genus was initially assigned to the order Filobasidiales.[2] Cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, however, later showed that Filobasidiella belonged within the Tremellales,[3] with the genus Kwoniella (with Tremella-like basidia) as a sister clade.[4]
Description
Filobasidiella species are not known to produce distinct, visible fruitbodies. Microscopically, the hyphae are colourless, are clamped or unclamped, and bear haustorial cells with filaments that attach to the hyphae of the host fungus. The basidia are club-shaped and highly elongated. Spores arise in succession from four loci at the apex (which is sometimes partly septate). These spores are passively released and may remain on the basidium in chains, unless disturbed. In the type species, the spores germinate to form yeast cells, but yeast states are not known for all species.
Habitat, distribution and species
Filobasidiella neoformans and F. bacillispora[5][6] are known only from laboratory cultures of their respective yeast states (Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii). The presence of haustorial cells on their hyphae indicate that they are (or were) parasites of other fungi,[4][7] but their original host species are unknown. Both yeasts are human pathogens, responsible for cryptococcosis, and are now cosmopolitan in distribution.
Filobasidiella depauperata (synonym F. arachnophila) is parasitic on Lecanicillium lecanii, an entomopathogenic fungus, and is known from Sri Lanka, England, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, and Canada.[7][8] It is not known to produce a yeast state.[9] Filobasidiella lutea is parasitic on Granulobasidium vellereum, a corticioid fungus, and is known from England and Italy.[10] It too is not known to produce a yeast state. DNA sequencing suggests all four species are congeneric.[11] A fifth species, Filobasidiella xianghuijun, has been reported from China in association with Tremella fuciformis, but its status is uncertain.[11]
References
- ↑ Kwon-Chung KJ. (1975). "A new genus, Filobasidiella, the perfect state of Cryptococcus neoformans". Mycologia 67 (6): 1197–1200. doi:10.2307/3758842. JSTOR 3758842. PMID 765816.
- ↑ Bandoni RJ. (1995). "Dimorphic heterobasidiomycetes: taxonomy and parasitism". Studies in Mycology 38: 13–27.
- ↑ Fell JW, Boekhout T, Fonseca A, Scorzetti G, Statzell-Tallman A. (2000). "Biodiversity and systematics of basidiomycetous yeasts as determined by large-subunit rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50: 1351–1371. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-3-1351. PMID 10843082.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Findley K, Rodriguez-Carres M, Metin B, Kroiss J, Fonseca A, Vilgalys R, Heitman J. (2009). "Phylogeny and phenotypic characterization of pathogenic Cryptococcus species and closely related saprobic taxa in the Tremellales". Eukaryotic Cell 8 (3): 353–361. doi:10.1128/EC.00373-08. PMC 2653247. PMID 19151324.
- ↑ Kwon-Chung KJ. (1976). "A new species of Filobasidiella, the sexual state of Cryptococcus neoformans B and C serotypes". Mycologia 68 (4): 942–946. doi:10.2307/3758813. JSTOR 3758813.
- ↑ Kwon-Chung KJ, Varma A. (2006). "Do major species concepts support one, two or more species within Cryptococcus neoformans?". FEMS Yeast Research 6 (4): 574–587. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00088.x. PMID 16696653.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ginns J, Malloch DW. (2003). "Filobasidiella depauperata (Tremellales): haustorial branches and parasitism of Verticillium lecanii". Mycological Progress 2 (2): 137–140. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0051-6.
- ↑ Samson RA, Stalpers JA, Weijman ACM (1983). "On the taxonomy of the entomogenous fungus Filobasidiella arachnophila". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 49 (4-5): 447–456. PMID 6651289.
- ↑ Rodriguez-Carres M, Findley K, Sun S, Dietrich FS, Heitman J. (2010). "Morphological and genomic characterization of Filobasidiella depauperata: a homothallic sibling species of the pathogenic Cryptococcus species complex". PLoS ONE. 3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835752/pdf/pone.0009620.pdf.
- ↑ Ginns J, Bernicchia A. (2000). "Filobasidiella lutea: parasitism of Hypochnicium vellereum". Karstenia 40: 49–51.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sivakumaran S, Bridge P, Roberts P. (2002). "Genetic relatedness among Filobasidiella species". Mycopathologia 156 (3): 157–162. doi:10.1023/A:1023309311643. PMID 12749578.