Female genital prolapse (or vaginal prolapse or pelvic organ prolapse) is characterized by a portion of the vaginal canal protruding (prolapsing) from the opening of the vagina. The condition usually occurs when the pelvic floor collapses as a result of childbirth or heavy lifting which can tear soft tissues, i.e. herniating fascia membranes so that the vaginal wall collapses, resulting in cystocele, rectocele or both. Common remediation to avoid further collapse may include the use of transvaginal mesh.
Types
Grading
POP-Q PointsThey are graded either via the Baden-Walker System or Shaw's System or the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) System.[1]
Shaw's System
*Upper 2/3 cystocele
*Lower 1/3 urethrocele
*Upper 1/3 enterocele
*Middle 1/3 rectocele
*Lower 1/3 deficient perenium
*Grade 0 Normal position
*Grade 1 decent into vagina not reaching introitus
*Grade 2 decent up to the introitus
*Grade 3 decent outside the introitus
*Grade 4 Procenditia
Baden-Walker
Baden-Walker System for the Evaluation of Pelvic Organ Prolapse on Physical Examination
| Grade | posterior urethral descent, lowest part other sites |
|---|
| 0 | normal position for each respective site |
| 1 | descent halfway to the hymen |
| 2 | descent to the hymen |
| 3 | descent halfway past the hymen |
| 4 | maximum possible descent for each site |
POP-Q
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP-Q)
| Stage | description |
|---|
| 0 | No prolapse anterior and posterior points are all -3 cm, and C or D is between -TVL and -(TVL-2) cm. |
| 1 | The criteria for stage 0 are not met, and the most distal prolapse is more than 1 cm above the level of the hymen (less than -1 cm). |
| 2 | The most distal prolapse if between 1 cm above and 1 cm below the hymen (at least one point is -1, 0, or +1). |
| 3 | The most distal prolapse is more than 1 cm below the hymen but no further than 2 cm less than TVL. |
| 4 | Represents complete procidentia or vault eversion; the most distal prolapse protrudes to at least (TVL-2) cm. |
Management
Vaginal prolapses are treated according to the severity of symptoms. They can be treated:
- With conservative measures (changes in diet and fitness, Kegel exercises, etc.)[citation needed]
- With surgery (for example Colpocleisis). Surgery is used to treat symptoms such as bowel or urinary problems, pain, or a prolapse sensation. A Cochrane Collaboration review[2] found that limited data are available on optimal surgical approaches, including the use of transvaginal surgical mesh, in the form of a patch or sling, similar to its implementation for abdominal hernia.
Epidemiology
Genital prolapse occurs in about 316 million women worldwide as of 2010 (9.3% of all females).[3]
See also
References
External links
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noco/cong/npls, sysi/epon
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proc/asst, drug (G1/G2B/G3CD)
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