Faustina the Younger

Faustina the Younger
Empress consort of the Roman Empire
Tenure	7 March 161 – 175 (alongside Lucilla from 164–169)
Spouse	Marcus Aurelius
Issue
Annia Aurelia Galeria Faustina Gemellus Lucillae Lucilla, Empress of Rome Titus Aelius Antoninus Titus Aelius Aurelius Hadrianus Domitia Faustina Fadilla Cornificia Faustina Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus Commodus, Emperor of Rome Marcus Annius Verus Caesar Vibia Aurelia Sabina
House	Nerva–Antonine Dynasty
Father	Antoninus Pius
Mother	Faustina the Elder
Born	16 February between 125 and 130 Rome, Roman Empire
Died	175 (aged 45–50) Halala, Taurus Mountains, Cappadocia, Roman Empire
Burial	Mausoleum of Hadrian, Rome

O: draped bust of Faustina FAVSTINAE AVG PII AVG FIL	R: sitting Pudicitia PVDIC_ITIA; S C (below)
orichalcum dupondius struck in Rome 147-150 AD ref.: RIC 1404(b)

Annia Galeria Faustina Minor (Minor is Latin for the Younger), Faustina Minor or Faustina the Younger (16 February between 125 and 130 – 175) was a daughter of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and Roman Empress Faustina the Elder. She was a Roman Empress and wife to her maternal cousin Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Though Roman sources give a generally negative view of her character, she was held in high esteem by soldiers and her own husband and was given divine honours after her death.

Biography

Faustina the Younger

Faustina, named after her mother, was her parents' fourth and youngest child and their second daughter; she was also their only child to survive to adulthood. She was born and raised in Rome.

Her great uncle, the Emperor Hadrian, had arranged with her father for Faustina to marry Lucius Verus. On February 25, 138, she and Verus were betrothed. Verus’ father was Hadrian’s first adopted son and his intended heir; however, when Verus’ father died, Hadrian chose Faustina’s father to be his second adopted son, and eventually, he became Hadrian’s successor. Faustina’s father ended the engagement between his daughter and Verus and arranged for Faustina's betrothal to her maternal cousin, Marcus Aurelius; Aurelius was also adopted by her father. On 13 May 145, Faustina and Marcus Aurelius were married. When her father died on 7 March 161, her husband and Lucius Verus succeeded to her father’s throne and became co-rulers. Faustina was given the title of Augusta and became Empress.

Unfortunately, not much has survived from the Roman sources regarding Faustina's life, but what is available does not give a good report. Cassius Dio and the Augustan History accuse Faustina of ordering deaths by poison and execution; she has also been accused of instigating the revolt of Avidius Cassius against her husband. The Augustan History mentions adultery with sailors, gladiators, and men of rank; however, Faustina and Aurelius seem to have been very close and mutually devoted.

Death

Faustina accompanied her husband on various military campaigns and enjoyed the love and reverence of Roman soldiers. Aurelius gave her the title of Mater Castrorum or Mother of the Camp. She attempted to make her home out of an army camp. Between 170–174, she was in the north, and in 175, she accompanied Aurelius to the east; however, these experiences took their toll on Faustina, who died in the winter of 175, after an accident, at the military camp in Halala (a city in the Taurus Mountains in Cappadocia). ^{[citation needed]}

Aurelius grieved much for his wife and buried her in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. She was deified: her statue was placed in the Temple of Venus in Rome and a temple was dedicated to her in her honor. Halala’s name was changed to Faustinopolis and Aurelius opened charity schools for orphan girls called Puellae Faustinianae or 'Girls of Faustina'.^[1] The Baths of Faustina in Miletus are named after her.

Children

In their thirty years of marriage, Faustina bore Marcus Aurelius thirteen children:

1. Annia Aurelia Galeria Faustina (147-after 165)
2. Gemellus Lucillae (died around 150), twin brother of Lucilla
3. Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (148/50-182), twin sister of Gemellus, married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus
4. Titus Aelius Antoninus (born after 150, died before 7 March 161)
5. Titus Aelius Aurelius (born after 150, died before 7 March 161)
6. Hadrianus (152–157)
7. Domitia Faustina (born after 150, died before 7 March 161)
8. Annia Aurelia Fadilla (159-after 211)
9. Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (160-after 211)
10. Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), twin brother of Commodus
11. Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (161–192), twin brother of Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor
12. Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162–169)
13. Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170-died before 217)

Nerva–Antonine family tree

• (1) = 1st spouse
• (2) = 2nd spouse (not shown)
• (3) = 3rd spouse
• SMALL CAPS = posthumously deified (Augusti, Augustae, or other)
• dashed lines indicate adoption; the dotted line indicates the relationship between Hadrian and Antinous

Notes

References

• Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Julius Capitolinus, Marcus Antoninis xix.1–9, xxvi.4–5, 7–9, xxix.1–3
• Priwitzer, Stefan, Faustina minor – Ehefrau eines Idealkaisers und Mutter eines Tyrannen quellenkritische Untersuchungen zum dynastischen Potential, zur Darstellung und zu Handlungsspielräumen von Kaiserfrauen im Prinzipat (Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt, 2008) (Tübinger althistorische Studien, 6).

Further reading

• (French) Minaud, Gérard, Les vies de 12 femmes d’empereur romain - Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés , Paris, L’Harmattan, 2012, ch. 8, La vie de Faustine, femme de Marc-Aurèle, p. 189-210.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Faustina Minor.

Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Faustina the Younger.

• http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/faustina/faustina_ii.html
• http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Annia_Galeria_Faustina
• http://www.forumancientcoins.com/historia/coins/r3/r1321.htm
• http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm
• http://www.johnbmcnamara.com/cpr027.htm
• http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Faustina%20Junior