Expansion joint

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For the railway-specific expansion joints, see Breather switch.
Expansion joint on a bridge

An expansion joint or movement joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced expansion and contraction of construction materials, to absorb vibration, to hold parts together, or to allow movement due to ground settlement or earthquakes. They are commonly found between sections of buildings, bridges, sidewalks, railway tracks, piping systems, ships, and other structures.

Building faces, concrete slabs, and pipelines expand and contract due to warming and cooling from seasonal variation, or due to other heat sources. Before expansion joint gaps were built into these structures, they would crack under the stress induced.

Road / bridge control joints

Saw cut control joints in concrete.

Control joints (often confused with expansion joints) are cut into the concrete or asphalt, and are different from expansion joints as shown in the photo. The joints are cut into the structure at regular intervals allow cracking to occur in a controlled fashion. Road control joints can be sealed with hot tar, cold sealant (such as silicone), or compression sealant (such as rubber).

Bridge expansion joints

Bridge expansion joints are designed to allow for continuous traffic between structures accommodating movement, shrinkage, temperature variations on reinforced and prestressed concrete, composite and steel structures. They stop the bridge from bending out of place in extreme conditions and allow enough vertical movement to permit bearing replacement [1] without the need to dismantle the bridge expansion joint. There are various types, which can accommodate movement from 30 to 1000 mm. They include joints for small movement (EMSEAL BEJS, XJS, JEP, WR, WOSd, and AC-AR), medium movement (Etic EJ, Wd) and large movement (WP, Etic EJF/SFEJ). [2][3]

Pipe expansion joints

Single sphere rubber bellows expansion joint, with flanges.
Stainless steel pipe expansion joint, with control rods.

Pipe expansion joints are necessary in systems that convey high temperature substances such as steam or exhaust gases, or to absorb movement and vibration. A typical joint is a bellows of metal (most commonly stainless steel), plastic (such as PTFE), fabric (such as glass fibre) or an elastomer such as rubber. A bellows is made up of a series of convolutions, with the shape of the convolution designed to withstand the internal pressures of the pipe, but flexible enough to accept axial, lateral, and angular deflections. Expansion joints are also designed for other criteria, such as noise absorption, anti-vibration, earthquake movement, and building settlement. Metal expansion joints have to be designed according to rules laid out by EJMA, for fabric expansion joints there are guidelines and a state-of-the-art description by the Quality Association for Fabric Expansion Joints.

Pipe expansion joints are also known as compensators, as they 'compensate' for the thermal movement.

Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints

Expansion joints are often included in industrial piping systems to accommodate movement due to thermal and mechanical changes in the system. When the process requires large changes in temperature, metal components change size. Expansion joints with metal bellows are designed to accommodate certain movements while minimizing the transfer of forces to sensitive components in the system.

Pressure created by pumps or gravity is used to move fluids through the piping system. Fluids under pressure occupy the volume of their container. The unique concept of pressure balanced expansion joints is they are designed to maintain a constant volume by having balancing bellows compensate for volume changes in the bellows (line bellows) which is moved by the pipe. An early name for these devices was “pressure-volumetric compensator”.[4]

Rubber expansion Joint Manufacturing

Wrapping fabric reinforced rubber sheets

Rubber expansion joints are mainly manufactured by manual wrapping of rubber sheets and fabric reinforced rubber sheets around a bellow-shaped product mandrel. Besides rubber and fabric, reinforced rubber and/or also steel wires or metal rings are added for additional reinforcement. After the entire product is build up on the mandrel, it is covered with a winding of (nylon) peel ply to pressurize all layers together before pressurization. Because of the labor intensive production process, a large part of the production has moved to eastern Europe and Asian countries.

Molded rubber expansion joints

Some types of rubber expansion joints are made with a molding process. Typical joints that are molded are medium sized expansion joints with bead rings, which are produced in large quantities. These rubber expansion joints are manufactured on a cylindrical mandrel, which is wrapped with bias cut fabric ply. At the end the bead rings are positioned and the end sections are folded inwards over the bead rings. This part is finally placed in a mold and molded into shape and vulcanized. This is a highly automated solution for large quantities of the same type of joint.

Automated winding of rubber expansion joints

New technology has been developed to wind rubber and reinforcement layers on the (cylindrical or bellow shaped) mandrel automatically using industrial robots instead of manual wrapping. This is fast and accurate and provides repeatable high quality. Another aspect of using industrial robots for the production of rubber expansion joints is the possibility to apply an individual reinforcement layer instead of using pre-woven fabric. The fabric reinforcement is pre-woven and cut at the preferred bias angle. With individual reinforcement it is possible to add more or less fiber material at different sections of the product by changing the fiber angles over the length of the product. [5]

Expansion joint accessories

Liners

Internal liners can be used to either protect the metallic bellows from erosion or reduce turbulence across the bellows. They must be used when purge connectors are included in the design. In order to provide enough clearance in the liner design, appropriate lateral and angular movements must be specified by the designer. When designing an expansion joint with combination ends, flow direction must be specified as well.[6]

Covers

External covers should be used to protect the internal bellows from being damaged. They also serve a purpose as insulation of the bellows. Covers can either be designed as removable or permanent accessories. [7]

Particulate barriers/purge connectors

In systems that have a media with significant particulate content (i.e. flash or catalyst), a barrier of ceramic fiber can be utilized to prevent corrosion and restricted bellows flexibility resulting from the accumulation of the particulate. Purge connectors may also be utilized to perform this same function. Internal liners must also be included in the design if the expansion joint includes purge connectors or particulate barriers.[8]

Limit rods

Limit rods may be used in an expansion joint design to limit the axial compression or expansion. They allow the expansion joint to move over a range according to where the nut stops are placed along the rods. Limit rods are used to prevent bellows over-extension while restraining the full pressure thrust of the system in the case that a main . Bellows Catalog: Limit Rod], U.S. Bellows, Inc. (retrieved 31 August 2010)

Ducted air systems

Expansion joints are required in large ducted air systems to allow fixed pieces of piping to be largely free of stress as thermal expansion occurs. Bends in elbows also can accommodate this. Expansion joints also isolate pieces of equipment such as fans from the rigid ductwork thereby reducing vibration to the ductwork as well as allowing the fan to “grow” as it comes up to the operating air system temperature without putting stress on the fan or the fixed portions of ductwork.

An expansion joint is designed to allow deflection in the axial (compressive), lateral (shear), or angular (bending) deflections. Expansion joints can be non-metallic or metallic (often called bellows type). Non-metallic can be a single ply of rubberized material or a composite made of multiple layers of heat and erosion resistant flexible material. Typical layers are: outer cover to act a gas seal, a corrosion resistant material such as Teflon, a layer of fiberglass to act as an insulator and to add durability, several layers of insulation to ensure that the heat transfer from the flue gas is reduced to the required temperature and an inside layer.

A bellows is made up of a series of one or more convolutions of metal to allow the axial, lateral or angular deflection required(Note: If required).

Expansion Joint Failure

Expansion joint failure can occur for various reason, but experience shows that failure falls into several distinct categories. This list includes, but is not limited to: shipping and handling damage, improper installation/insufficient protection, during/after installation, improper anchoring, guiding, and supporting of the system, anchor failure in service, corrosion, system over-pressure, excessive bellows deflection, torsion, bellows erosion, and particulate matter in bellows convolutions restricting proper movement. [9]

There are various actions that can be taken to prevent and minimize expansion joint failure. During installation, prevent any damage to the bellows by carefully following the instructions furnished by the manufacturer. [10] After installation, carefully inspect the entire piping system to see if any damage occurred during installation, if the expansion joint is in the proper location, and if the expansion joint flow direction and positioning is correct. [11] Also, periodically inspect the expansion joint throughout the operating life of the system in order to check for external corrosion, loosening of threaded fasteners and deterioration of anchors, guides, and other hardware. [12]

Other Types of Expansion Joints

Other types of expansion joints can include: fabric expansion joint, metal expansion joint, toroidal expansion joint, gimbal expansion joint, universal expansion joint, in-line expansion joint, refractory lined expansion joint, and more.

Copper expansion joints are excellent materials designed for the movement of building components due to temperature, loads, and settlement. Copper is easy to form and lasts a long time. Details regarding roof conditions, roof edges, floors, are available.[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Freyssinet: Bearing Replacement, Freyssinet Ltd. (retrieved 22 December 2011)
  2. ↑ Freyssinet: CIPEC Bridge Expansion Joints, Freyssinet Ltd. (retrieved 21 December 2011)
  3. ↑ EMSEAL: BEJS Expansion Joint System, EMSEAL Joint Systems. (retrieved 8 August 2013)
  4. ↑ Technical Bulletin: Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints, U.S. Bellows, Inc. (retrieved 31 August 2010)
  5. ↑ TANIQ: automated winding of rubber joints, TANIQ(retrieved 6 December 2010)
  6. ↑ U.S. Bellows Catalog: Internal Liner, U.S. Bellows, Inc. (retrieved 31 August 2010)
  7. ↑ U.S. Bellows Catalog: Protective Cover, U.S. Bellows, Inc. (retrieved 31 August 2010)
  8. ↑ U.S. Bellows Catalog: Purge Connector, U.S. Bellows, Inc. (retrieved 31 August 2010)
  9. ↑ Typical Causes of Expansion Joint Failure U.S. Bellows, (retrieved February 2012)
  10. ↑ Installation U.S. Bellows, (retrieved February 2012)
  11. ↑ Post Installation Inspection Prior to System Pressure Test U.S. Bellows, (retrieved February 2012)
  12. ↑ Periodic In-Service Inspection U.S. Bellows, (retrieved February 2012)]
  13. ↑ Building expansion joints, Copper in Architecture Design Handbook, Copper Development Association Inc., http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/building_expansion/intro.html

External links

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