European Nightjar

The European Nightjar, Eurasian Nightjar or just Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) is the only representative of the nightjar family of birds in most of Europe and temperate Asia.

Taxonomy

The nightjars, Caprimulgidae, are a large family of mostly nocturnal insect-eating birds. The largest and most widespread of the several genera in the family is Caprimulgus, the “typical” nightjars, characterised by bristles around the mouth and patterned plumage. The males, and sometimes females, often have white markings in the wing or tail. Within the genus, European Nightjar's closest relatives are two African species with similar songs, the Rufous-cheeked Nightjar and the Sombre Nightjar.^[2] The Jungle Nightjar is sometimes considered to be the eastern equivalent of the European species. ^[3] The European Nightjar was described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 under its current scientific name.^[4] Caprimulgus is derived from Latin capra, "nanny goat" and mulgere "to milk", referring to an old legend that nightjars suck milk from goats.^[5] The species name, europaeus is "European" in the same language.^[6]

"Nightjar", first recorded in 1630 refers to the nocturnal habits of the bird, the second part of the name referring to the distinctive churring song.^[7]

Subspecies

There are six recognised subspecies, although differences are mainly clinal.^[3]

• C. e. europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758); breeds across north and central Europe and north Central Asia.
• C. e. meridionalis (Hartert, 1896); northwest Africa and southern Europe east to the Caspian Sea.
• C. e. sarudnyi (Hartert, 1912); Kazakhstan to Kyrgyzstan.
• C. e. unwini (Hume, 1871); Iraq and Iran east to Uzbekistan.
• C. e. plumipes (Przewalski, 1876), northwestern China and western Mongolia.
• C. e. dementievi (Stegmann, 1949), northeastern Mongolia.

Description

The plumage of the adult Nightjar is lichen-grey, barred and streaked with buff, chestnut and black. The under parts are barred. White spots on primaries and white tips to the outer tail feathers are characters of the male; in the young male these are buff. The bill is black, the legs reddish brown.

The variegated plumage resembles that of the Wryneck, its wide gape and long wings are like a swift’s, and its soft downy plumage and nocturnal habits are akin to an owls. The length is 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in), the body mass is 50–100 g (1.8–3.5 oz) and the wingspan is 53–61 cm (21–24 in).^[8][9]

The male may be told from the female by the white spots on his wings and tail, and as he gracefully floats above her, with wings upraised at a sharp angle, he spreads his tail wide to show the white spots. On the ground both birds will swing the tail from side to side when excited. The Nightjar does not hunt with open mouth, as often depicted, but the huge gape opens wide for large crepuscular insects, such as noctuid moths and dor-beetles, which are snapped up with avidity. Crepuscular insects are its food.

Voice

Its song, from which it derives some of its common names, is a strange churring trill and is the surest means of identification. Its soft mechanical trill rises and falls as it vibrates on the variable evening breeze, or as the bird turns its head from side to side. The lower mandible vibrates and the throat is distended until the feathers stand out.

When it churrs the bird lies or crouches along a bough or rail, but it will sing from a post, and occasionally perch across a branch.

When on the wing it has a soft call, and a sharper and repeated alarm, cuick, cuick, but during courtship, and occasionally at other times, it uses a mechanical signal, a sharp cracking sound, caused by clapping the wings together over the back.

The Nightjar flies at dusk, most often at sundown, a long-tailed, shadowy form with easy, silent moth-like flight; its strong and deliberate wingbeats alternate with graceful sweeps and wheels with motionless wings.

During the day it lies silent upon the ground, often on a heap of stones, concealed by its plumage; it is difficult to detect, looking like a bit of lichen-covered twig or a fragment of bark. With eyes almost closed it watches through tiny slits, rising suddenly, sometimes with a croak of alarm, but usually silently, when almost stepped on.

Distribution and habitat

It is a late migrant, seldom appearing before the end of April or beginning of May. It occurs throughout northern and central Europe, and winters in Africa, as far south as the Cape.

In southern Europe, and the warmer parts of Africa and Asia, it is replaced by other members of the nightjar family. In Great Britain and Ireland it occurs in many suitable localities, but in the Shetlands and other northern islands it is only known as an occasional migrant. It is a priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.^[10] The Irish population has declined significantly in recent years.

Open heathy wastes, Lowland heath, bracken-covered slopes and open woods are the haunts of the crepuscular Nightjar.

Behaviour

Breeding

No nest is made - they occupy unvegetated gaps:

• lowland heath - unvegetated gaps in deep heather in dry heath. This offers shelter and camouflage, and concealment from potential predators. Scattered trees are used to sing from, and to roost in.
• In conifer forest clearings, clearfells and restocks, especially those on former heathland, nightjars use vegetation structures that are very like that on heathland, as well as gaps in lying brush, for concealment.
• In coppice woods, nightjars nest in large recently cut coups (clearings), which remain suitable until the canopy closes, in about four to five years.

The two elongated and elliptical eggs, creamy white mottled with brown, purple and liver-colour are placed upon the bare ground amongst bracken or stones; the brooding bird, sitting closely, is their best protection. They are seldom laid before the end of May. The male occasionally broods. The female will "squatter" away to attract attention if disturbed, rolling and fluttering in a perfect frenzy.

The newly hatched young are covered with vermiculated grey and brown down, livid blue skin showing on the naked nape and back; the combed or pectinated claw of the adult, is represented by a horny unserrated plate. The call is a querulous cheep.

They quickly become active and the parents soon remove them if the nest has been visited. At times a second brood is reared. Migration begins in August, and by the middle of September most birds have left for the south.

There is good evidence^[11] that they can be disturbed by human activity, e.g. by their pet dogs, resulting in less chicks surviving.

Feeding

Nightjars forage from dusk until dawn, catching moths and other large flying insects

Environmental management

Heathland

• A good proportion of old mature heather with naturally occurring small gaps, located in areas that are free from disturbance
• A sparse scatter of trees as song/look out posts (10 trees per

hectare)^{[citation needed]}

• Where mature or old heather is absent or scarce, dense bracken may provide alternative

nest sites early in the breeding season but will quickly become overgrown and threaten any nearby heath. Avoid mechanical bracken control near where they might be nesting.

• Manage access by providing defined paths that lead visitors away from

nightjar nesting areas

Forestry Clearing

• Continuity of clear fells greater than 2 ha in size^{[citation needed]}
• Create a waved/scalloped edge to the coup – this increases the length of foliage edge for

nightjars to feed along.

• Delay restocking
• Manage access (see above)

Coppice Woodland

• Continuity of cut coups greater than 2 ha in size
• Create a waved or scalloped edge to the coup – this increases the length of foliage edge for feeding along.
• Create and manage wide rides and glades throughout the wood, to provide foraging habitat – this will benefit other birds and wildlife

In culture

These lines are from the poem Love in the Valley by George Meredith —

Lone on the fir-branch, his rattle-notes unvaried,

Brooding o'er the gloom, spins the brown eve-jar.

In Fern Hill Dylan Thomas wrote:

" and all the night long I heard, blessed among stables, the nightjars flying with the ricks."

Caprimulgus and the old name "Goatsucker" both refer to the legend, old even in Aristotle's day that nightjars suckle from nanny goats, which subsequently ceased to give milk or went blind. Another old name, "Puckeridge", was used to refer to both the bird and the (actually fly-borne) disease. It is likely that the birds were attracted by insects around domestic animals, and as strange nocturnal creatures were then blamed for any misfortune that befell the beast.^[12] This ancient belief is reflected in nightjar names in other European languages, such as German zeigenmelker and Italian succiacapri, but despite its antiquity, it has no equivalents in Arabic, Chinese or Hindu tradition.^[13]

Other old names refer to the song (churn owl), habitat (fern owl),^[14] diet (dor hawk and moth hawk) ^[15] or superstition (lich fowl —corpse bird)^[16]

References

Cited texts

• Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-6907-7.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
• Cocker, Mark; Tipling, David (2013). Birds and People. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0224081740.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
• Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. 
• Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. 
• Lockwood, William Burley (1984). Oxford Book of British Bird Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214155-4. 
• Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, eds. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854099-1. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caprimulgus europaeus.

• A song of this bird can be found on Kalerne.
• ARKive Stills, videos
• Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze