Eurema hecabe

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Common Grass Yellow
Grass Yellow on flowers of Stachytarpheta indica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Pieridae
Genus: Eurema
Species: E. hecabe
Binomial name
Eurema hecabe
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
  • Papilio hecabe Linnaeus, 1758
  • Terias hecabe
  • Terias solifera Butler, 1875
  • Terias bisinuata Butler, 1876
  • Terias chalcomiaeta Butler, 1879
  • Terias dentilimbata Butler, 1879
  • Terias bewsheri Butler, 1879
  • Terias orientis Butler, 1888
  • Terias aethiopica Trimen & Bowker, 1889
  • Terias butleri Trimen & Bowker, 1889
  • Terias floricola f. parva Rothschild, 1921
  • Terias brenda ab. alba Dufrane, 1945
  • Terias brenda ab. subalba Dufrane, 1945
  • Terias floricola ab. alba Dufrane, 1945
  • Terias brenda ab. maureli Dufrane, 1947
  • Terias hecabe senegalensis f. continua Storace, 1949
  • Terias hecabe f. napia Stoneham, 1957
  • Terias hecabe f. neria Stoneham, 1957
  • Terias maroensis Butler, 1883
  • Terias biformis Butler, 1884
  • Terias latilimbata Butler, 1886
  • Terias hecabe borneensis Fruhstorfer, 1910
  • Terias amplexa Butler, 1887
  • Terias mandarina de l'Orza, 1869
  • Terias photophila Butler, 1884
  • Terias diversa Wallace, 1867
  • Terias hecabe oeta Fruhstorfer, 1910
  • Terias phoebus Butler, 1886
  • Eurema hecabe var. kerawara Ribbe, 1898
  • Eurema hecabe var. magna Ribbe, 1898
  • Terias contubernalis Moore, 1886

The Large Grass Yellow or Common Grass Yellow (Eurema hecabe) is a small pierid butterfly species found in Asia or Africa.[1] They are found flying close to the ground and are found in open grass and scrub habitats. It is simply known as "the grass yellow" in parts of its range; the general term otherwise refers to the entire genus Eurema.

Description

Varieties of the Grass Yellow
See glossary for terminology used

The Common Grass Yellow exhibits seasonal polyphenism. The lepidopteran has a darker summer morph, triggered by a long day exceeding 13 hours in duration, while the shorter diurnal period of 12 hours or less induces a fairer morph in the post-monsoon period.[2]:164

Wet-season form

Seasonal polyphenism in Eurema hecabe

Wet-season form
Dry-season form

Male

Upperside: yellow, variable in tint from sulphur to rich lemonz-yellow according to locality with a light or heavy rainfall. Fore wing: apex and termen deep black, this colour continued narrowly along the costal margin to base of wing, near which it often becomes diffuse; the inner margin of the black area from costa to vein 4 very oblique and irregular, between veins 2 and 4 excavate on the inner side, this excavation outwardly rounded between the veins and inwardly toothed on vein 3; below vein 2 the black area is suddenly dilated into a square spot which occupies the whole of the tornal angle; the inner margin of this dilatation is variable, in the typical form slightly concave. Hind wing: terminal margin with a narrow black band which is attenuated anteriorly and posteriorly ; dorsal margin broadly paler than the ground-colour.

Underside : yellow, generally a slightly paler shade than that of the upperside, with the following reddish-brown markings. Fore wing: two small spots or specks in basal half of cell and a reniform spot or ring on the discocellulars. Hind wing: a slightly curved subbasal series of three small spots, an irregular slender ring or spot on the discocellulars, followed by a highly irregular, curved, transverse, discal series of spots or specks, some or all of which are often obsolescent. On both fore and hind wings the veins that attain the costal and terminal margins end in minute reddish-brown specks. Antenna greyish yellow, the club black; head, thorax and abdomen yellow, shaded with fuscous scales; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen yellowish white. The sex-mark seen from above appears as a thickening of the basal half of the median vein on the fore wing.

Female

Upperside: Very similar to that of the male but without the sex-mark; the black areas on both fore and hind wings slightly broader, with the inner edge of the black terminal band on the hind wing often diffuse.

Underside: ground-colour and markings as in the male. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similarly coloured.

Dry-season form

Upperside: ground-colour and markings much as in wet-season specimens, the emargination on the inner side of the black area and the tornal dilatation on the fore wing similar. On the hind wing, in the great majority of individuals, the black terminal band is also similar, in a few it is narrower and diffuse inwardly in both sexes.

Underside: ground-colour similar to that in wet-season specimens, but in very many with a greater or less irroration of black scales over the yellow parts of the wing; the reddish-brown markings on both fore and hind wings are also similar, but the spots are larger, more clearly defined, darker, and therefore far more conspicuous. In addition, on the fore wing there is a preapical, very prominent, transverse, elongate spot or short bar or reddish brown extended downwards from the costa. This spot is irregular in shape and of variable width, but does not seem ever to spread outwards to the actual edge of the termen. In a few specimens there is also a small reddish-brown spot in interspace 1 near the tornus. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, and in the male the sex-mark, as in wet-season specimens.[3]

Life cycle

Eggs are laid on Abrus precatorius, Acacia spp., Aeschynomene spp., Albizzia spp. and numerous other Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae and Cucurbitaceae species.[4]

Studies suggest that the females can discriminate colours when choosing host plants for oviposition.[5]

Larva: "Long, green, rough, cylindrical, or slightly depressed, with a large head." [3]

Pupa: "Suspended by the tail and by a moderately long band; the abdominal segments are round, but the thorax is much compressed, the wing-cases uniting to form a deep sharp keel. The head-case terminates in a short pointed snout. Ordinarily the pupa is solitary and green, but sometimes on a twig in large numbers. Many Pierine and other larvae seek each others company at that time. Having selected a dead branch of some neighbouring bush, they acquired the colour of their surroundings as nearly all Pierine and Papilionine pupae do to a greater or less extent."[3]

This species has been found to be parasitized by multiple strains of Wolbachia. These bacteria can alter the sex-ratios of the species.[6]

  • Egg

  • Larva (caterpillar)

  • Pupa

  • Butterfly

Subspecies

  • Eurema hecabe albina Huang, 1994 (Fujian)
  • Eurema hecabe amplexa (Butler, 1887) (Christmas Island)
  • Eurema hecabe biformis (Butler, 1884) (Ambon, Serang)
  • Eurema hecabe brevicostalis Butler, 1898 (Timer to Kai Island)
  • Eurema hecabe diversa (Wallace, 1867) (Buru)
  • Eurema hecabe hecabe
  • Eurema hecabe hobsoni (Butler, 1880) (Taiwan)
  • Eurema hecabe kerawara Ribbe, 1898 (Bismarck Archipelago)
  • Eurema hecabe latilimbata (Butler, 1886) (Sumatra, Borneo)
  • Eurema hecabe latimargo Hopffer, 1874 (Celebes)
  • Eurema hecabe mandarina (de l'Orza, 1869) (Japan)
  • Eurema hecabe maroensis (Butler, 1883) (Maroe Island)
  • Eurema hecabe nivaria Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Solomons)
  • Eurema hecabe oeta (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (West Irian to Papua)
  • Eurema hecabe phoebus (Butler, 1886) (northern Australia)
  • Eurema hecabe solifera (Butler, 1875) (Africa)

References

  1. ↑ Woodhall, Steve. Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa, Cape Town:Struik Publishers, 2005.
  2. ↑ Gullan, P.J. & Cranston P.S. (2005). "The insects: an outline of entomology" (5th Ed). Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 1-4051-1113-5, ISBN 978-1-4051-1113-3. Ltd preview in Google Books. Accessed on 12 Jan 2010.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bingham, C. T. (1907) Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 2
  4. ↑ Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni & Luis M. Hernández. "HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants". Natural History Museum. Retrieved September 2006. 
  5. ↑ Tadao Hirota & Yoshiomi Kato (2004). "Color discrimination on orientation of female Eurema hecabe (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)" (PDF). Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (2): 229–233. doi:10.1303/aez.2004.229. 
  6. ↑ Masato Hiroki, Yohsuke Tagami, Kazuki Miura & Yoshiomi Kato (2004). "Multiple infection with Wolbachia inducing different reproductive manipulations in the butterfly Eurema hecabe" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271 (1549): 1751–1755. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2769. 

External links

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