Eriophyes tiliae
| Eriophyes tiliae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Mature nail galls on a lime leaf | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Subclass: | Acari |
| Order: | Prostigmata |
| Family: | Eriophyidae |
| Genus: | Eriophyes |
| Species: | E. tiliae |
| Binomial name | |
| Eriophyes tiliae Pagenstecher, 1857[1] | |
Eriophyes tiliae is a mite that forms the lime nail gall or bugle gall.[2] It develops in a chemically induced gall; an erect, oblique or curved distortion rising up from the upper surface of the leaves of the common lime tree Tilia × europaea (synonym T. × vulgaris).
The physical appearance
During late spring and summer, tubular growths up to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long develop on the upper surface of lime tree leaves. These galls may be yellow-green or red in colour, may be very numerous, and predominantly occur on the lower leaves in some sub-species.
Taxonomy
Several sub-species have been identified, partly identified by their positioning on the leaves in relation to the veins and other structures.[2][3]
Life cycle
A leaf infected with E. tiliae
The mites move onto the foliage in the spring, having overwintered in the bark crevices or around buds. These gall inducers are less than 0.2 mm long, however the chemicals they release whilst sucking the sap from the lower leaf epidermis have a dramatic, consistent and colourful effect, causing upward growing, hollow, yellow, red or pink, finger-like extensions. Before the autumn, the mites, which up to now have been actively feeding and growing inside the galls, depart from these shielings and seek sheltered and protected sites on the lime tree. The mites will pass the winter in such locations and then the cycle will be repeated. This species is one amongst a number of gall-formers which can be superficially similar in appearance; however E. tilae tilae is restricted to lime trees.[2][3]
Gall forming insects
Some herbivorous insects create their own microhabitats by forming, in this case, a highly distinctive plant structure called a gall, composed of plant tissue, but controlled by the insect. Galls act as both the habitat, and food sources for the maker of the gall. The interior of a bedeguar gall is formed from the bud, and is composed of edible nutritious and structural tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts.[4] Galls may also provide the insect with some physical protection from predators.[5]
Infestations of lime nail galls
The galls induced appear not to affect the health of the lime trees and no way of controlling or preventing them exists.[6]
See also
- Eriophyes inangulis
- Oak marble gall
- Oak apple
- Oak artichoke gall
- Cola-nut gall
References
- ↑ "Eriophyes tiliae". Wild About Denmark. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Arnold Darlington (1975). The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press. pp. 121, 159. ISBN 0-7137-0748-8.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 F. B. Stubbs, ed. (1986). Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls. British Plant Gall Society. pp. 50–53. ISBN 0-9511582-0-1.
- ↑ Katherine C. Larson & Thomas G. Whitham (1991). "Manipulation of food resources by a gall-forming aphid: the physiology of sink-source interactions". Oecologia 88 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1007/BF00328398. JSTOR 4219748.
- ↑ Arthur E. Weis & Audrey Kapelinski (1994). "Variable selection on Eurosta’s gall size. II. A path analysis of the ecological factors behind selection". Evolution 48 (3): 734–745. doi:10.2307/2410482. JSTOR 2410482.
- ↑ "Nail Gall". Gardeners World. Retrieved June 3, 2010.