Eric Phipps

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Sir Eric Clare Edmund Phipps, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, PC (27 October 1875 – 13 August 1945) was a British diplomat.

Family and early life

Phipps was the son of Sir Constantine Phipps, later British Ambassador to Belgium, and his wife Maria Jane (née Miller Mundy). Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave, was his great-grandfather, and he was also a great-grandson of Lieutenant-General Sir Colin Campbell, who was present at the Battle of Waterloo, and of Rear-Admiral Sir John Hindmarsh, who was a Lieutenant on HMS Phoebe at the Battle of Trafalgar - making him probably the first person to be descended from officers who fought at both battles. As a child, he accompanied his parents around Europe to his father's various postings, and was educated at King's College, Cambridge,[1] and the University of Paris, from which he graduated.

Early career

He passed the competitive examination for entry to the Diplomatic Service in January 1899 and was posted as an attaché to Paris in October 1899, being promoted Third Secretary in January 1901.[2] In January 1905 he was posted to Constantinople, was promoted Second Secretary in April, and returned to London to work at the Foreign Office in September. In September 1906 he was posted to Rome and in February 1909 he returned to Paris as private secretary to Sir Francis Bertie, British Ambassador to France. In April 1912 he was promoted First Secretary and posted to St Petersburg, transferred to Madrid in October 1913, and returned to Paris in May 1916.

He was on the staff of the British delegation to the Versailles Conference until September 1919, when he was promoted Counsellor and posted back to London. In November 1920 he was posted to Brussels as Chargé d'affaires and in November 1922 he was promoted Minister Plenipotentiary and posted back to Paris, often serving as chargé d'affaires in the absence of the ambassador.

In June 1928, Phipps received his first independent posting as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria.

Ambassador to Germany

In 1933 he was appointed British Ambassador to Germany.

In his despatches whilst ambassador in Berlin, he warned the British Government about the character of Adolf Hitler's régime. On 31 January 1934, Phipps wrote to the Foreign Secretary, Sir John Simon:

[Hitler's] policy is simple and straightforward. If his neighbours allow him, he will become strong by the simplest and most direct methods. There mere fact that he is making himself unpopular abroad will not deter him, for, as he said in a recent speech, it is better to be respected and feared than to be weak and liked. If he finds that he arouses no real opposition, the tempo of his advance will increase. On the other hand, if he is vigorously opposed, he is unlikely at this stage to risk a break.[3]

Phipps gave a further warning to Simon on 1 April 1935:

Let us hope our pacifists at home may at length realise that the rapidly-growing monster of German militarism will not be placated by mere cooings, but will only be restrained from recourse to its ultima ratio by the knowledge that the Powers who desire peace are also strong enough to enforce it.[4]

During his first year in Berlin, Phipps managed to see Hitler only four times.[5] Phipps himself regarded Hitler as something of a cipher, who was variously described in his dispatches back to London as more moderate than his followers or as possibly mad.[6] In May 1936, Phipps presented to Hitler the famous "questionnaire", largely written by his brother-in law, the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Sir Robert Vansittart, that asked point-blank if Germany intended "to respect the existing territorial and political status of Europe", and was willing to sign "genuine treaties".[7] Neither Hitler nor any other German leader ever responded to the "questionnaire".

Ambassador to France

In 1937, Phipps was transferred to Paris as British Ambassador to France.

During his time in Paris, Phipps strongly identified himself with French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet, and most of his dispatches to London reflected Bonnet's influence.[8] On 24 September 1938, at the height of the great crisis over Czechoslovakia that was to culminate in the Munich Agreement, Phipps reported back to London "all that is best in France is against war, almost at any price", being opposed only by a "small, but noisy and corrupt, war group".[9] Phipps's extremely negative assessment of the willingness and/or ability of France to go to war with Germany in 1938 created major doubts in London about the value of France as an ally.

In October 1938, Bonnet carried a major purge of the Quai d'Orsay, sidelining a number of officials opposed to his policy. In the aftermath of the purge, Bonnet was congratulated by Phipps for removing the "warmongers" René Massigli and Pierre Comert from the Quai d'Orsay, but went on to complain that Bonnet should have sacked the Secretary-General Alexis Saint-Legér Léger as well.[10] In response, Bonnet claimed that he and Saint-Legér Léger saw "eye to eye", leading to Phipps, who knew about the state of relations between Bonnet and Saint-Legér Léger, to drily note "in that case the eyes must be astigmatic".[11]

In November 1939, suffering from ill-health, Phipps retired to Wiltshire. He died of a pulmonary embolism following a prostectomy at the London Clinic in 1945.

Honours

Phipps was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours,[12] Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in May 1922, Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1927 Birthday Honours, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in 1934, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in 1939, and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1941. He was appointed to the Privy Council in 1933, entitling him to the style "The Right Honourable". He also held the Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur and was a Commander of the Order of Leopold II of Belgium.

In 1943 he served as High Sheriff of Wiltshire.[13]

Family

Phipps married, firstly, Yvonne de Louvencourt, in 1907. After her death in 1909 he married, secondly, Frances Ward, daughter of the sculptor Herbert Ward, in 1911. He had six children, all by his second wife:

  1. Lieutenant-Colonel Mervyn Phipps (1912–1983)
  2. Lieutenant Alan Phipps RN (1915–1942; killed in action on Leros), whose son is Brigadier Jeremy Phipps
  3. Mary Phipps (born 1923), married to Bonar Sykes, son of Sir Frederick Sykes and his wife, a daughter of a former British Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law
  4. Margaret Phipps (born 1925), married to George Cary, son of the Irish novelist Joyce Cary
  5. John-Francis Phipps (born 1933)
  6. William Phipps (1936–2009), who married Henrietta Frances Lamb (born 1931), elder daughter of the painter Henry Lamb and his wife Lady Pansy Lamb (née Pakenham), sister of the 6th and 7th Earls of Longford[14]
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Sir Horace Rumbold		 British Ambassador to Germany
1933–1937 		Succeeded by
Sir Nevile Henderson
Preceded by
Sir George Clerk		 British Ambassador to France
1937–1939 		Succeeded by
Sir Ronald Campbell

Notes

  1. ↑ "Phipps, Eric Clare Edmund (PHPS893EC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. 
  2. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27310. p. 3033. 3 May 1901.
  3. ↑ Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (Pan, 2002), p. 387.
  4. ↑ Barnett, p. 388.
  5. ↑ Doerr, Paul British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Manchester University Press: Manchester, United Kingdom, 1998 page 158
  6. ↑ W. N. Medlicott, Britain and Germany: The Search For Agreement 1930–1937, Athlone Press: London, 1969, pp.7-8
  7. ↑ Medlicott, p. 26.
  8. ↑ Anthony Adamthwaite, France and the Coming of the Second World War, 1936–1939, London: Frank Cass, 1977, p. 177.
  9. ↑ Adamthwaite, p. 177.
  10. ↑ D. C. Watt, How War Came, London: Heinemann, 1989, p.73
  11. ↑ Watt, p. 73.
  12. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31712. p. 5. 30 December 1919.
  13. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 35938. p. 1199. 12 March 1943.
  14. ↑ Photographic portrait of Henrietta Phipps, nee Lamb with her mother and sister. Her mother Lady Pansy Lamb (1904–1999) was a sister of the writer and Labour peer Lord Longford, and aunt of Antonia Fraser.

References

  • Biography, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  • Adamthwaite, Anthony France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939, London: Frank Cass, 1977, ISBN 0-7146-3035-7.
  • Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
  • Herman, John The Paris Embassy of Sir Eric Phipps, Sussex Academic Press, 1998.
  • Watt, D.C. How War Came : The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939, New York : Pantheon Books, 1989, ISBN 0-394-57916-X.

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