Elias Hrawi
| Elias Hrawi الياس الهراوي | |
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| 14th President of Lebanon | |
| In office 24 November 1989 – 24 November 1998 | |
| Preceded by | René Moawad |
| Succeeded by | Émile Lahoud |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 4 September 1926 Zahlé, French Mandate of Lebanon |
| Died | 7 July 2006 (aged 79) Beirut, Lebanon |
| Profession | Businessman |
| Religion | Maronite Catholic |
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| This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Lebanon |
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Legislature
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Other issues
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Early life and education
Hrawi was born in Hawch Al Umara, Zahlé, to a wealthy landowning Maronite family in the Bekaa Valley on 4 September 1926.[1][2] He was the son of Khalil Hrawi and Helena Harb.[3] He obtained a diploma in commerce at the Sagesse Institute in 1947.[4] He enrolled at St Joseph University, Faculty of Law but did not complete his studies there.[4]
Business activities
Hrawi dealt with agriculture until he became a member of Lebanon Parliament in 1972.[5] A successful businessman, Hrawi started a vegetable export business, dealing with major Swiss companies. He also headed the Beqaa sugarbeet cooperative. When his export business was destroyed by the civil war that raged from 1975 to 1990, he switched his line of business to oil importing.[6]
Career
The scion of a politically prominent family, Hrawi followed his brothers Georges and Joseph when he was elected to the National Assembly in 1972. From 1980 to 1982, he served in the cabinet as minister of public works under President Elias Sarkis and Prime Minister Shafik Wazzan.[5] He concentrated on building bridges and highways to link all parts of the country.[6]
Hrawi was a member of the independent Maronite Catholic bloc in the Parliament. The bloc included nine Maronite Catholic legislators who aimed at clearing the Christian militias and maintaining positive relationships with both the Muslims and Syria.[7]
President of Lebanon
Hrawi was elected at the Park Hotel in Chtoura by 47 out of 53 member of parliaments on 24 November 1989[5] two days after the murder of Lebanon's President René Mouawad.[8] Five of PMs cast blank ballots in the election.[5] As President, Hrawi signed into law amendments to the Constitution that formalized the Taif Agreement reforms, giving a greater measure of power and influence to Lebanon's Muslim community than before.
Since Baabda Palace, the president's residence, was destroyed and bombed by Syrian troops in October 1990 in order to drive out General Michel Aoun, Hrawi lived in future prime minister Rafik Hariri's Beirut apartment.[9][10] On 13 October 1990, with support from the Syrian army, he forced General Aoun, who was heading a rival administration, to surrender in order to begin the reconstruction of Lebanon. On 22 May 1991, he signed the treaty of fraternity, co-ordination and co-operation with Syria, in which Lebanon promised not to allow its territory to be used against Syria's interests.[11] In 1992, Hrawi appointed Rafik Hariri as prime minister.[12] Hrawi attended the meetings of the cabinet during his term to control the executive branch of the country.[13]
Lebanese people had distinct opinions about Hrawi's term. Some appreciate his decisiveness in acting against the feuding militias, ending the civil war that had been tearing the country apart for fifteen years and reuniting the major political parties of Lebanon. His supporters viewed him as a pragmatic political figure, and respected him for his long-held conviction that national loyalty should take precedence over sectarian interests, and for promoting peaceful coexistence among Lebanon's religious factions. Conversely, Hrawi's attempt to pass a law legitimizing civil marriage failed due to the fierce opposition from religious authorities.[5] Some have accused him of inconsistency for disarming all Christian and most Muslim militias - but not Hezbollah, a Shi'a political party. His critics also point out that he was very supportive of Syrian interests and charge that the cooperation treaty that he signed turned Lebanon into a Syrian colony. He has also been criticized by some for having the Constitution amended to extend his term of office by three years on 13 October 1995.[14] It is argued that it occurred after Hrawi went to Damascus and agreed on a plan by which he would be succeeded later by Emile Lahoud.[5] Former President Amine Gemayel said at the time that such actions (which he charged were taken "almost casually") undermined the delicate constitutional principles of the nation. His presidency ended on 23 November 1998.[4]
After his term ended, Hrawi expressed his regrets about the extension of his term through the amendment of the Lebanese Constitution to Chibli Mallat.[15]
Personal Life
Hrawi married twice.[2] He married to Evelyn Chidiac in 1947 and became father to three children: Rena, George and Roy. He married his second wife, Mona Jammal, in 1961, and had two children, Zalfa and Roland.[4]
His son-in-law, Fares Boueiz, was minister of foreign affairs from 1990 to 1998.[16] His elder sons have a firm dealing with the import of petroleum.[17] His eldest son ran for general elections in 1992 but lost seat in Zahle.[18]
Death
Hrawi died of cancer at the American University Hospital in Beirut on 7 July 2006.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Elias Hrawi". The Independent. 11 July 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kifner, John (25 November 1989). "Elias Hrawi; An Earthy Politician Who Makes Both Ends Meet". The New York Times. p. 4. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ↑ "Announcement the death of former Lebanese President Elias Hrawi in Beirut". 26 September. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Elias Hrawi". Presidency of the Republic of Lebanon. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 "Former President Hrawi loses fight against cancer". The Daily Star. 8 July 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Elias Hrawi". Embassy of Lebanon, USA. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ Kifner, John (25 November 1989). "Elias Hrawi; An Earthy Politician Who Makes Both Ends Meet". The New York Times.
- ↑ Seeberg, Peter (February 2007). "Fragmented loyalties. Nation and Democracy in Lebanon after the Cedar Revolution" (Working Papers). University of Southern Denmark. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
- ↑ Raschka, Marilyn (June 1993). "Reconstructing Lebanon: The Role of President Elias Hrawi". Washington Report. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ↑ Salem, Paul E. (22 September 1994). 's+struggle+for+recovery.-a017041256 "The wounded republic: Lebanon's struggle for recovery". Arab Studies Quarterly. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ↑ "Elias Hrawi, 80, Ex-Chief of Lebanon, is Dead". The New York Times. AFP. 8 July 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ Middle East Review. Kogan Page Publishers. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7494-4066-4. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ↑ Philip G. Roeder; Donald S. Rothchild (2005). Sustainable Peace: Power And Democracy After Civil Wars. Cornell University Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8014-8974-7. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ↑ Abdelnour, Ziad K. (February-March 2004). "Syria and the Presidential Succession in Lebanon". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 6 (2-3). Retrieved 21 October 2012.
- ↑ Mallat, Chibli (8 October 2009). "Saving the Special Tribunal for Lebanon from failure: a response to Jamil al-Sayyed and Antonio Cassese". The Daily Star. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ↑ Kechichian, Joseph A. (23 September 2007). "The wait for a leader". Ya Libnan. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ↑ Gambill, Gary C.; Ziad K. Abdelnour (July 2001). "Dossier: Rafiq Hariri". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 3 (7). Retrieved 17 March 2013.
- ↑ Hijazi, Ihsan A. (26 August 1992). "2 More Lebanese Ministers Quit to Protest Election". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
| Preceded by René Moawad |
President of Lebanon 1989–1998 |
Succeeded by Émile Lahoud |
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