Ein Hod

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Ein Hod
עֵין הוֹד
Ein Hod
Coordinates: 32°42′5.25″N 34°58′48.03″E / 32.7014583°N 34.9800083°E / 32.7014583; 34.9800083Coordinates: 32°42′5.25″N 34°58′48.03″E / 32.7014583°N 34.9800083°E / 32.7014583; 34.9800083
Council Hof HaCarmel
Population (2008) 559[1]

Ein Hod (Hebrew: עֵין הוֹד) is a communal settlement in northern Israel. Located south of Mount Carmel and southeast of Haifa in northern Israel, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council. In 2008 it had a population of 559.

The village is situated on a hillside amidst olive groves, with a view of the Mediterranean Sea and a twelfth-century Crusader fortress. Prior to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War Ein Hod was the site of the Palestinian village of Ein Hawd. Most of the Arab inhabitants were displaced as a result of the war but some remained in the area and settled nearby, forming a new village, also by the name of Ein Hawd. After a failed attempt to create a moshav on the site, Ein Hod became an artists' colony in 1953.

History

Early history

Ayn Hawd

Map of Ayn Hawd and surrounding area, 1870s. The Survey of Western Palestine. London:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
Arabic عين حوض
Subdistrict Haifa
Population 650[2] (1945)
Area 12,605[2] dunams
Date of depopulation 15 July 1948[3]
Cause(s) of depopulation Military assault by Yishuv forces
Current localities Ein Hod[4][5] Nir Etzion[5]

Excavations in the Carmel region indicate that human settlement in the area dates back over 150,000 years.[citation needed]

The village was one of the "Al-Hija" villages named after Emir Hussam al-Din Abu al-Hija.[6] Abu al-Hija ("the Daring") was an Iraqi-born commander of the Kurdish forces that took part in Sultan Saladin´s conquest (1187–93) of the Crusader Kingdom. He was renowned for his bravery, and commanded the garrison of Acre at the time of the Siege of Acre (1189–1192).[6]

Abu al-Hija apparently returned to Iraq, but several members of his family remained in the country under orders from Saladin, and these family members settled on spacious tracts of land that they were granted in the Carmel region, in the Lower, Eastern and Western Galilee, and in the Hebron Highlands.[6] One of these land grants became the village of Ein Hawd. Other al-Hija villages were Hadatha and Sirin in the Lower Galilee, Ruweis and Kawkab in the Western Galilee. By tradition the remaining residents today still claim to be blood relations of al-Hija.[6]

In 1596, the village of Ayn Hawd was part of the Ottoman Empire, nahiya (subdistrict) of Shafa under the liwa' (district) of Lajjun with a population of 44. The villagers paid taxes on crops such as wheat and barley, as well as on goats and beehives.[7]

In 1852 the Dutch traveler van der Velde visited "Ain Haud" and "spent a pleasant evening in Shech Soleiman's house". Van der Velde describes how the villagers, all Muslim, were in great alarm over conscription to the Ottoman army. According to Shech Soleiman a former Sultan had given them a firman, exempting the villagers from conscription.[8]

In 1870, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village. He found it had 120 inhabitants, with houses built of rammed earth or different construction aggregates. The village was surrounded by a small wall.[9]

In 1881, "Ain Haud" was described as a small village situated on the end of a spur, inhabited by fifty people who cultivated 3 faddans of land.[10] The village elementary school for boys was founded in 1888,[11] and in the early twentieth century the number of inhabitants was given as 283.[12]

At the time of the 1931 census, Ein Haud had 81 occupied houses and a population of 459 Muslims.[13]

Post-1948

Most of the 700–900 Arab villagers of Ein Hod from before the 1948 Arab-Israeli War resettled in the West Bank, many in Jenin refugee camp. A group of 35 original inhabitants, many of them members of the Abu al-Hija family, took shelter in a nearby wadi. Attempts to dispossess them by legal means did not succeed.[6] This new village was named Ein Houd.[14] Initially, the Israeli authorities did not recognize the village. In 1988, residents of Ein Houd helped to form the association of the Arab Unrecognized Villages in Israel.[15] In 1992, the state officially recognized the village, but it was only granted full recognition in 2005, when it was connected to Israel's electric grid.[14]

Moshav

In July 1949 the Moshavim Movement settled immigrants from Tunisia and Algeria in the depopulated village, renaming the village Ein Hod. The movement allocated instructors to the new settlers as the agricultural endeavour. The short lived re-use of the village as an agricultural concern was abandoned and the village remained deserted for a further year and a half.[6]

Artists' colony

Marcel Janco studio at Ein Hod artist village

Ein Hod became an artists' colony in 1953. The driving spirit behind the project was Marcel Janco, an acclaimed Dada artist, who kept the village from being demolished by the security forces and convinced the government to let him build an artists' colony there.[16]

Today

Ein Hod is now a communal settlement run by an elected administrative committee.[16] Many Israeli painters, sculptors and musicians live there, and maintain studios and galleries that are open to the public. Efforts have been made to preserve some of the old houses. The village mosque was converted into a restaurant-bar modeled after Cafe Voltaire in Zurich.[17]

Ein Hod was evacuated and the village suffered considerable property damage during the 2010 Israel forest fire.[18]

Culture

The Janco-Dada Museum

Ein Hod has 22 galleries, 14 art workshops, 2 museums and 14 rooms for rent to tourists. Workshops include printing, sculpture, photography, silk screening, music (vocal), ceramics, mosaics, design, stained glass, lithography and blacksmithing. [19] The Gertrud Kraus House sponsors biweekly chamber music concerts and guest lectures.[20] During the summer months, performances of popular music and light entertainment take place in an outdoor amphitheatre. Throughout the year, free outdoor jazz concerts are held on Saturdays near the village's central square.

Ein Hod's main gallery has five exhibition halls, each devoted to a different artistic sector. Hall 1 exhibits art by immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia; Hall 2 is exclusively for Ein Hod artists, past and present; Halls 3 and 4 are for changing exhibitions, solo and group shows of residents and outsiders; and Hall 5 is for theme shows.[19]

The Nisco Museum of Mechanical Music in Ein Hod is the first museum in Israel dedicated to antique musical instruments.[21] The collection, accumulated over 40 years by Nisan Cohen, contains music boxes, hurdy gurdies, an automatic organ, a reproducing player piano, a collection of 100 year-old manivelles, gramophones, hand-operated automatic pianos and other instruments.[22]

The Düsseldorf-Ein Hod exchange program has brought Düsseldorf artists to Ein Hod and vice versa over the past two decades. A similar program has been inaugurated for artists from New Hampshire.[23]

Notable residents

An early resident was the American children's writer and amateur archaeologist Nora Benjamin Kubie. One of Ein Hod's veteran artists is Ursula Malbin, whose bronze sculptures have been on display since 1978 in Haifa's Vista of Peace Garden, the first public sculpture garden in Israel dedicated solely to the works of a woman sculptor.[19] Others include Avraham Eilat, a multimedia artist whose latest video art installtaion "Psychophysical Time" is shown in several leading art events in Europe, and Dina Merhav creates sculptures from old metal utensils and industrial machine parts. One of her works, Totem, was exhibited at the Olympic Sculpture Garden in Beijing, China, when the Olympic Games were held there.[19] Yigal Tumarkin, Israeli painter and sculptor, also studied at Ein Hod.

Dan Chamizer, creator of the "Chamizer riddle," is a resident of Ein Hod. Based on an original coding system, the Chamizer riddle is widely used to teach problem-solving in schools, government agencies and high-tech companies.[19]

Ten Ein Hod residents have won the Israel Prize, awarded annually on Israel Independence Day. According to Robert Nechin, who lives in the village, the artists working there today "are fully aware of the illustrious example of these great artists and scholars, who lived and are still living among them.[16] Ein Hod residents who have won the prize are:

Gallery

  • Benjamin Levy. Lovers in the box of sardines.

  • Benjamin Levy. Lovers on the axe of wheels.

  • Girl on Roller Skates.

  • POB world.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Locality File" (XLS). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Retrieved 2010-06-25. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hadawi, 1970, p.47
  3. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. XVIII, village #170. Also gives causes of depopulation.
  4. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. XXII, Settlement #123, established 1949.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Khalidi, 1992, p. 151
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Meron Benvenisti (2000). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948. University of California Press. pp. 193–195. 
  7. ↑ Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 158. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 149
  8. ↑ van der Velde, 1854, p.314, p.315
  9. ↑ Guérin, 1875, pp. 294-295
  10. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, I: p.281. Quoted in Khalidi, p.149
  11. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p.149
  12. ↑ Mülinen, 1908, p. 279
  13. ↑ E. Mills, ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. p. 90. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (7 August 2007). "Israel: An IDP village sees light at the end of the tunnel". IRIN News. Retrieved 2007-12-07. 
  15. ↑ "The Association of Forty". The Association of Forty. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-12-07. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Ein Hod Articles". Ein Hod Artists' Village. Retrieved 2007-12-07. 
  17. ↑ "500 Dunam on the Moon: The Story of Three Villages in One – Ain Hawd, Ein Hod, and Ayn Hawd al-Jadida". 500 Dunam on the Moon. Retrieved 2007-12-07. 
  18. ↑ Wildfire: Homes in Ein Hod, Nir Etzion burn
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Ein Hod: A Unique Village in Israel, Emunah
  20. ↑ About Ein Hod
  21. ↑ Adena Kerstein (30 September 2005). "Hurdy-Gurdy Time". Jerusalem Post. 
  22. ↑ "The Nisco Museum of Mechanical Music". Ein Hod Artists' Village. Retrieved 2007-12-07. 
  23. ↑ Ein Hod Artists Official Site, EIN HOD WEB SITE, EIN HOD ARTISTS – International Projects

Bibliography

External links

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