Edith of Wessex

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Edith of Wessex
Queen consort of England
Tenure 1045 – 5 January 1066
Spouse Edward, King of England
Father Godwin, Earl of Wessex
Mother Gytha
Born c. 1025
Died 18 December 1075

Edith of Wessex (c. 1025 – 18 December 1075) married King Edward the Confessor of England on 23 January 1045. Unlike most wives of kings of England in the 10th and 11th centuries, she was crowned queen,[1] but the marriage produced no children. Later ecclesiastical writers claimed that this was either because Edward took a vow of celibacy, or because he refused to consummate the marriage because of his antipathy to Edith's family, the Godwins. However, this is dismissed by modern historians. In the view of Edward's biographer, Frank Barlow, "The theory that Edward's childlessness was due to deliberate abstention from sexual relations lacks authority, plausibility and diagnostic value."[2] The principal source on her life is a work she herself commissioned, the Vita Ædwardi Regis or the Life of King Edward who rests at Westminster, which is inevitably biased.[3]

Edith was the daughter of Godwin, the most powerful earl in England. Her mother Gytha was sister of Ulf, a Danish earl who was Cnut the Great's brother-in-law. Edith was brought up at Wilton Abbey. She was an educated woman who spoke several languages, skills she probably acquired at Wilton. She remained attached to it, and in later years rebuilt its church.[4]

In 1051 Godwin and his sons fell out with Edward and fled the country. Edith was sent to a nunnery, possibly because she was childless and Edward hoped to divorce her.[5][6] When the Godwins effected their return through force in 1052, Edith was reinstated. In later years, she became one of Edward's inner group of advisers.[7] In the Vita Edwardi, according to Barlow, "although she is always placed modestly behind the throne, the author does not minimize her power or completely conceal her will. Whenever we catch sight of her elsewhere, we see a determined woman, interfering, hard, probably bad-tempered".[8]

As the king's wife, she was responsible for his regal presentation. She commissioned works for his personal ornament, and had at least one goldsmith among her tenants. When he died, the Domesday Book shows that she was the richest woman in England, and the fourth wealthiest individual, after the king, Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, and her brother Harold. She held land valued at between £1,570 and £2,000 per annum.[9]

The Vita Edwardi emphasised her piety. She helped Giso, the Bishop of Wells, secure the endowments of his see, and gave lands to Abingdon Abbey, but the monks of Evesham alleged that she had the relics of many monasteries brought to Gloucester so that she could select the best for herself. When Gervin, abbot of Saint-Riquier, who was visiting the English court, rejected her kiss of greeting, she took offence. Edward reproved her, and she accepted the rebuff, even going on to urge English churchmen not to kiss women, although they did not object to the custom.[5]

She was close to her brother Tostig, and in 1055 she and Harold secured his appointment as Earl of Northumbria. His rule was unpopular, and in 1064 Edith was accused at court of engineering the murder of the Northumbrian noble Gospatrick in Tostig's interest. In 1065 Tostig was probably hunting with King Edward when the northerners rebelled and elected Morcar, Harold's brother-in-law, as earl. Tostig charged Harold with conspiring with the rebels, a charge which Harold purged himself of with a public oath. Edward demanded that the rebels be suppressed, but to his and Edith's fury Harold and the English thegns refused to enforce the order. Morcar was confirmed as earl and Tostig forced into exile.[10][11][5]

Upon Edward's death, on 4 January 1066, he was succeeded by Edith's brother, Harold Godwinson. At the Battle of Stamford Bridge (25 September 1066) and the Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066), Edith lost four of her remaining brothers (Tostig, Harold, Gyrth and Leofwine). Her brother Wulfnoth, who had been given to Edward the Confessor as a hostage in 1051 and soon afterwards became a prisoner of William the Conqueror, remained in captivity in Normandy. Edith was therefore the only senior member of the Godwin family to survive the Norman conquest on English soil, the sons of Harold having fled to Ireland.

Carola Hicks, an art historian, has recently put her forward as a candidate for the author of the Bayeux Tapestry.[12][13]

After Edward's death Edith read the lives of English saints, and gave information about St Kenelm to his hagiographer, Goscelin.[14] She died at Winchester on 18 December 1075.[5] Matthew Paris records a tradition that her death brought an end to an illness from which she had been suffering at some length.[15] She was buried together with her husband in Westminster Abbey and her funeral was arranged by William.[15] The northern author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript D, reports:

"Edith the Lady died seven nights before Christmas in Winchester, she was King Edward's wife, and the king had her brought to Westminster with great honour and laid her near King Edward, her lord."[15]

Family Trees

Notes

  1. ↑ Pauline Stafford, 'Edith, Edward's Wife and Queen', in Richard Mortimer ed., Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend, The Boydell Press, 2009, pp. 119, 129–130. Stafford states (p. 124) that Edith was between 12 and 25 when she married, and probably nearer 25.
  2. ↑ Frank Barlow, Edward the Confessor, Yale University Press: London, 1997, p. 82.
  3. ↑ Historians disagree whether this was partly written in 1065–66, before Edward's death, or was a unitary work of the late 1060s. Stafford, 2009, p. 119-120 and note, Ann Williams, ODNB, Edith
  4. ↑ Stafford, 2009, pp. 121 -126
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Ann Williams, DNB, "Edith (d. 1075)"
  6. ↑ Stafford, 2009, pp. 133–138
  7. ↑ Barlow, p. 167.
  8. ↑ Barlow, p. 189-190.
  9. ↑ Stafford, 2009, pp. 126–128
  10. ↑ William M. Aird, Tostig, Oxford Online Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
  11. ↑ Stafford, 2009, p. 135
  12. ↑ BBC Radio 4, Woman's Hour, 22 May 2006
  13. ↑ Carola Hicks, The Bayeux Tapestry: The Life of a Masterpiece ISBN 0-7011-7463-3)
  14. ↑ Stafford, 2009, p. 125
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Stafford, Queen Emma and Queen Edith, pp. 278–9.

References

  • Barlow, Frank (1997) Edward the Confessor, Yale University Press: London
  • Stafford, Pauline (1997). Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-Century England, Blackwell ISBN 0-631-16679-3
  • Stafford, Pauline (2009). 'Edith, Edward's Wife and Queen', pp. 129–138 in Richard Mortimer ed., Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend, The Boydell Press ISBN 978-1-84383-436-6
  • Williams, Ann (2004). "Edith (d. 1075)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 15 June 2008. 
English royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Emma of Normandy		 Queen consort of the English
23 January 1045 – 4 January 1066 		Succeeded by
Edith of Mercia
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