Edinburgh Zoo

Edinburgh Zoo

Date opened	1913[1]
Location	Edinburgh, Scotland
Coordinates	55°56′35″N 3°16′5″W / 55.94306°N 3.26806°W / 55.94306; -3.26806
Land area	82 acres (33 ha)[1]
Number of animals	1075 (2008)[2]
Number of species	171
Annual visitors	>600,000
Memberships	BIAZA,[3] EAZA,[4] WAZA[5]
Major exhibits	Giant Pandas, Penguins, Koalas, Chimpanzees, Sun Bears
Website	www.edinburghzoo.org.uk

Edinburgh Zoo, formally the Scottish National Zoological Park, is an 82-acre (33 ha) non-profit zoological park in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. The mission statement of Edinburgh Zoo is "To excite and inspire our visitors with the wonder of living animals, and so to promote the conservation of threatened species and habitats".

The land lies on the Corstorphine Hill, from which it provides extensive views of the city. Built in 1913, and owned by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, it receives over 600,000 visitors a year, which makes it Scotland's second most popular paid-for tourist attraction, after Edinburgh Castle.^[1] As well as catering to tourists and locals, the zoo is involved in many scientific pursuits, such as captive breeding of endangered animals, researching into animal behaviour, and active participation in various conservation programs around the world.^[6]

Edinburgh Zoo was the first zoo in the world to house and to breed penguins. It is also the only zoo in Britain to house koalas and giant pandas. The zoo is a member of the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA), the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), and the Association of Scottish Visitor Attractions. It has also been granted four stars by the Scottish Tourism Board. The zoo gardens boast one of the most diverse tree collections in the Lothians.^[7]

History

The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS) was founded as a registered charity in 1909 by an Edinburgh lawyer, Thomas Hailing Gillespie. The Corstorphine Hill site was purchased by the Society with help from the Edinburgh Town Council in early 1913.^[8] Gillespie's vision of what a Zoological Park should be was modelled after the 'open design' of Tierpark Hagenbeck in Hamburg, a zoo which promoted a more spacious and natural environment for the animals, and stood in stark contrast to the steel cages typical of the menageries built during the Victorian era.^[9] The Scottish National Zoological Park was opened to the public in 1913 and was incorporated by Royal Charter later that year. In 1948, following a visit by His Majesty King George VI, the Society was granted the privilege of adding the prefix 'Royal' to its name. It remains the only zoo with a Royal Charter in the United Kingdom.^[10]

Edinburgh Zoo's long association with penguins began in January 1914, with the arrival of three king penguins from the Christian Salvesen whaling expedition which docked in Leith. The subsequent successful hatching of a King Penguin chick in 1919 was the first penguin to be hatched in captivity. These were the first penguins to be seen outside of the South Atlantic anywhere in the world. The now famous daily penguin parade started by accident in 1950 with the escape of several birds. This proved so popular with visitors and the penguins that it is a daily feature of the zoo today.^[10]

After Tom Gillespie retired, Gilbert D. Fisher was appointed director-secretary of the zoo in 1956. He held the post till he retired in 1971.^[11]

In 1986, the Society acquired the Highland Wildlife Park at Kingussie, 30 miles (48 km) south of Inverness. The Zoo and the Park work together in providing the most appropriate captive habitat possible in Scotland. Public visitation trips between both sites are organised frequently by the RZSS.^[12]

The zoo still retains the original charter, which drives its active breeding programme, and biodiversity, conservation and sustainability initiatives. The RZSS provides multiple ways for the public to help support its mission, including a membership club, animal adoption, donations, legacies and volunteering.^[13]

Animals and exhibits

Budongo Trail

Named after the Budongo Forest in Uganda, the Budongo Trail is a state-of-the-art facility that houses a troop of common chimpanzees. The main building features viewing galleries, a lecture theatre and interactive games and displays that are designed to teach the public about chimpanzees and their lifestyle, social structure and what threats they face in the wild.^[14]

Living Links

An area built around a field station and research centre for the study of primate behaviour. The exhibit also features enclosures housing common squirrel monkeys and brown capuchin monkey.^[15]

Penguins Rock

Edinburgh Zoo is well known for housing penguins in its collection, the first three being king penguins which arrived in January 1913, and were the first penguins to be seen outside of the South Atlantic anywhere in the world. The zoo's current penguin pool, named "Penguins Rock", is 65 metres long, 3.5 metres deep at its deepest point, contains 1.2 million litres of water, and houses colonies of Gentoo, king and rockhopper penguins.^[16]

Giant Pandas

In 2011, two giant pandas, a male named Yang Guang (meaning "sunshine") and a female named Tian Tian (meaning "sweetie"), were leased by Edinburgh Zoo from the Bifengxia Breeding Centre in China at a cost of $1m a year. The zoo spent £285,000 building an enclosure and faces a £70,000 a year bill for feed, which works out at about £750,000 a year if writing-off the cost of the compound over the decade of the lease.^[17]

An enclosure was constructed especially for the pandas, and they will remain at the zoo for a maximum of ten years before being returned to China. Edinburgh Zoo is currently the only zoo in the United Kingdom that houses giant pandas.^[18][19]

Brilliant Birds

Opened in 2011, Brilliant Birds is a walk-through aviary housing several different species of exotic birds. These include Nicobar pigeons, Bali starlings, bleeding heart pigeons, violet turaco, Cochin-Chinese red junglefowl, blue-faced honeyeaters, and the only Andean cock-of-the-rock in a British zoo. Brilliant Birds also houses a selection of reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates in the building's main entrance hall. They include White's tree frogs, giant African land snails, Madagascar hissing cockroaches, Leafcutter ants, Partula Snails, yellow-footed tortoises, Nelson's milksnakes, and blue poison dart frogs.^[20]

Koala Territory

Edinburgh Zoo is currently the only zoo in the United Kingdom to keep koalas. The zoo currently has two male and one female Queensland koalas which are part of the European Breeding Programme. Edinburgh Zoo is the European 'holding facility' for male koalas that are either too young to breed or have successfully bred and are now "retired".^[21]

Animal Antics

A daily show in which keepers demonstrate the natural skills of animals to an audience of visitors. Keepers use positive reinforcement training with every animal, which means that the animals that perform in the shows are never forced into doing tricks.^[22] Because of this, the animals used in Animal Antics vary between shows.

Other Mammals

Other notable mammal species in the Zoo's collection include Amur leopards, jaguars, wolverines, oriental small-clawed otters, Asian lions, meerkats, sun bears, Sumatran tigers, giant anteaters, binturong, African wild dogs, Grévy's zebras, greater one-horned rhinoceros, vicuna, lesser kudu, nyala, Javan banteng, red river hogs, North American porcupines, pygmy hippopotamus, Malayan tapirs, drill, white-faced saki monkeys, mongoose lemurs, golden-headed lion tamarins, geladas, Barbary macaques, eastern kiang and Philippine deer.

Other Birds

Other notable bird species in the Zoo's collection include Darwin's rhea, Chilean Flamingos, Victoria crowned pigeons, common ravens, Egyptian vultures, scarlet ibis, Stanley cranes, argus pheasants, ocellated turkeys, red-fronted macaws, Von der Decken's hornbills, hamerkop and Steller's sea eagles.

Military animals

Several of the zoo's animals have held military rank.

• Wojtek was a bear adopted in Iran by the Polish II Corps and enlisted into the 22nd Artillery Supply Company to allow him to travel when the troops were posted. He served in the Middle East and during the Battle of Monte Cassino and retired to Edinburgh Zoo when the Polish troops, billeted in Scotland, demobilised.^[23]
• Sir Nils Olav, a king penguin, was the mascot and Colonel-in-Chief of the Norwegian King's Guard. He was adopted in 1972 when the King's Guard were in the city for the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, given the rank of visekorporal (lance corporal), and promoted each time the corps visited the city. He died in 1987 and his successor, Nils Olav II, inherited his rank.^[24] Nils was visited by the Norwegian King's Guard on 15 August 2008 and awarded a knighthood. The honour was approved by the King of Norway, King Harald V. During the ceremony a crowd of several hundred people joined the 130 guardsmen at the zoo to hear a citation from King Harald the Fifth of Norway read out, which described Nils as a penguin "in every way qualified to receive the honour and dignity of knighthood".^[25]

Future developments

In 2003, Edinburgh Zoo announced an ambitious, £58 million expansion and development plan that is to take place over the next ten to twenty years. This "Masterplan" will see the zoo separated into four themed areas based on biomes.^[26]

• Grasslands - An area based on North Asian, African and South American grasslands, savannah and open plains habitats. A recreation of a Nepalese village, an African waterhole and a walk-through safari are planned to be part of the area. The zoo plans to include giraffes, cheetahs, hornbills, antelope, and ostriches in this biome, which will join the zebras and rhinos that the zoo already has.

• Woodlands - Based on Asian, South American and Australian woodlands, as well as mountainous forest habitats. Along with the lions, bears and tigers that the zoo already has, planned exhibits for this area are birds of prey, kangaroos, wombats, elephants, wolves, and wallabies.

• Oceans and Wetlands - Based around Arctic, Antarctic, North and South American, Pacific, tropical wetland and coastal habitats. Animals planned for this area include penguins, sea lions and flamingos (which are already part of the zoo's collection), along with polar bears, sea otters, manatees, and capybara.

• Tropical rainforest - Based around South American, Asian and African rainforests and swamp forests. Planned exhibits include tapirs, jaguars, pygmy hippos, bongo and chimpanzees (all of which already live at the Zoo), as well as orangutans, gibbons, and gorillas.

Research and conservation

Edinburgh Zoo is the national centre for primate behavioural research.^{[citation needed]} Budongo Trail, a state-of-the-art chimpanzee enclosure, was opened in May 2008 by The Princess Royal. Budongo Trail is a naturalistic enclosure which can house up to 40 chimps. It includes a large outdoor area and three separate indoor areas for the chimps together with observation areas and a lecture theatre for the public. The RZSS is the principal sponsor in the long term study and conservation of a group of approximately 60 chimpanzees as part of the Budongo Conservation Field Station in Uganda, Africa.^[27] Amidst the opening of Budongo Trail, Jane Goodall described it as a "wonderful facility" where primates "are probably better off [than] living in the wild in an area like Budongo [Forest], where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially."^[28]

In addition to Budongo Trail, the zoo is home to Living Links, a field station and research centre for the study of primates that was developed in a partnership with the University of St Andrews. Living Links houses capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys originating from the forests of South America, and offers researchers unique opportunities to study primate behaviour.^[15]

In July 2006, a cull of invasive brown rats on the Scottish island of Canna was deemed a provisional success^[29] and after two years of observation, during which time no rats were observed, the island was declared officially rat free by the Environment Minister, Mike Russell on 7 June 2008.^[30] The rats had been outcompeting the rare local wood mouse, known as the Canna mouse and also endangering local sea bird populations. The National Trust for Scotland which own the island invested £500,000 employing exterminators from New Zealand to cull the estimated 10,000 brown rats. in co-operation with RZSS, approximately 150 Canna Mice were captured and homed at Edinburgh Zoo and the Highland Wildlife Park. 40 mice were returned to the island in late 2006 with the remaining being re-introduced in stages.^[31]

In May 2008, a joint application submitted by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS) and the Scottish Wildlife Trust (SWT) was approved by the Scottish Government allowing for a trial reintroduction of the European beaver to the Knapdale Forest in Mid-Argyll. If the trial is successful then the European beaver will be the first mammal to be reintroduced to the United Kingdom. Beavers have been extinct in Scotland since the 16th century, when they were hunted for their pelt, meat and medicinal properties (use of castoreum).^[32]

Zoo gardens

Before being acquired by the society, the Corstorphine hill site was a nursery, once owned by Thomas Blaikie, who planted many of the great French parks such as ‘La Bagatelle’. On this site two nurserymen raised the famous apple cultivars ‘John Downie’ and ‘James Grieve’. Today, the zoo has one of the most diverse tree collections in the Lothians with 120 species. The south-facing aspect allows bananas to be grown outside. Increasingly, horticulture is seen as a discipline in its own right, with the focus on habitat creation within enclosures, food stuffs for the animals, and enrichment for both the animals and the visiting public.^[7]

Controversies

Organisations that remain critical of Edinburgh Zoo's work include the Animal Liberation Front, who have voiced their distaste for the quality of the enclosure that formerly housed Polar Bears.^[33] The Born Free Foundation has also stated several times that the zoo fails in its conservation work,^[34] as well as opposing the Zoo's plans to house elephants.^[35]

Edinburgh Zoo received a public backlash on Twitter after the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) ordered the zoo to cull three red river hog piglets after an unplanned birth. A protest took place under the #savethehogs tag on Thursday 3 February 2011.^[36] The Twitter campaign was started by OneKind, with major support from Captive Animals Protection Society. On Friday 4 February 2011, it was announced that the #savethehogs campaign had been successful and the zoo would attempt to re-home the piglets.^[37]

Following various internal issues and allegations relating to senior staff, the zoo was subject to investigations relating to its charitable status. The Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR) held an inquiry into the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, and one director was fired while two others were suspended.^[38][39] The zoo suspended its chief operating officer and acting chief executive Gary Wilson while it investigated allegations made against him.^[40]

In July 2011, the zoo's monkey house had to be closed after a Gelada escaped from its enclosure. The animal vaulted an electric fence as it tried to escape whilst visitors looked on.^[41][42]

The zoo also came under criticism for plans to charge £20 per person for visitors to watch the necropsy of an animal.^[43] A OneKind spokesman criticised the idea, largely due to the timing of the event, which was scheduled to take place two months after the zoo announced a £2 million loss in profits, making the necropsy seem like a "Money-making drive".^[44]

In February 2012, the zoo was told to conduct a full review of its financial controls following an inquiry into complaints about how the Zoo was run in 2011. The report by the OSCR cleared the zoo of misconduct but found "areas of governance that could be improved".^[45]

In May 2012, several hundred zoo visitors were forced to seek shelter after a family of hogs escaped from keepers and ran amok. Those who had taken refuge in the monkey house later described scenes where zoo workers pursued the animals with various equipment including brushes and dart guns. Though the drama lasted over an hour, the adult hogs were recaptured unharmed.^[46]

On 22 August 2012 a rare Scarlet Ibis escaped from the zoo and went on the loose in the city after a squirrel had chewed a hole in the netting at the top of its cage. Keepers noticed it was missing and later that day it was spotted more than 3 miles away in Dundas Street, near the city centre.^[47] The ibis was missing for nearly a week before being recaptured four miles from the zoo.^[46]

In September 2012 zoo customers were herded indoors when a Heck bull escaped from its enclosure. The 600 kg animal with three feet long horns was loose for over 40 minutes, until zoo workers and vets managed to restrain him by using tranquilliser darts.^[46]

Access by public transport

The Zoo is directly and frequently served by Lothian Buses routes 12, 26, 31 and 100 to/from Haymarket railway station and Edinburgh city centre.

The Balgreen tram stop will be (from May 2014) the nearest point served by Edinburgh Trams, but is located more than 600 metres from the Zoo.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edinburgh Zoo.

• Official website
• Downloadable map (PDF)
• Falklands Conservation - Penguins

v t e The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh Zoo History of Edinburgh Zoo Highland Wildlife Park Thomas Haining Gillespie

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