Ectomyelois ceratoniae

The Locust Bean Moth (Ectomyelois ceratoniae), more ambiguously known as "carob moth", is a moth of the Pyralidae family. It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution.

Adults have forewings with a pale brown pattern, and plain white hindwings. The female moths find suitable fruit or nuts on which to lay their eggs using volatile substances emitted by fungus which is infecting the material.

The larvae are translucent white, with the internal organs visible from the outside. They feed on the seeds and pods of a wide range of plants, including Punica granatum, Citrus fruit, Pistacia vera, Juglans regia, Prunus dulcis, Macadamia integrifolia, Acacia farnesiana, Caesalpinia sappan, Cassia bicapsularis, Ricinus, Erythrina monosperma, Haematoxylum campechianum, Prosopis juliflora, Samanea saman, Phoenix dactylifera and Ceratonia siliqua. It is a considerable agricultural pest, recognized as the most economically damaging pest of the date industry in California. In many regions around the world, it also damages many other high value nut and fruit commodities such as almonds, pistachios, macadamias, as well as pomegranates, stone and pome fruits.

"Pheromone mimic lures are commercially available from ISCA Technologies.^[1] This pheromone lure is formulated to constantly emit the optimal level of pheromone mimic to attract carob moth males to monitoring glue traps, allowing growers to monitor for the presence and density of the pest population in the field. By using pheromone traps, growers know where, how much and when to trigger control measures.

In 2007, the California date Phoenix dactylifera industry produced 17,700 tons of dates on 5,900 acres, with a gross value of about $31.86 million.^[2] During the past 25 years, the carob moth has caused between 10 and 40% damage of the harvestable crop annually,^[3][4] which equates to roughly $3.1 – $12.7 million in economic losses, not including control costs.

Until recently the only current of controlling carob moth was "malathion" dusting, 3-4 times per growing season. Because of the height of the palm trees (sometimes over 50 ft), commercial treatments were applied exclusively by powerful dusting equipment that delivers the insecticidal dust through a hand-directed tube. This produces a “fog” of insecticide during application that essentially blankets the ground with malathion, which is wasteful and creates unintended non-target effects on other animal species as well as "environmental pollution". Furthermore the accumulation of the malathion dust on the skin of dates creates problems with desiccation of the fruit reducing the overall quality of the product. Encroachment of date gardens and urban areas has been forcing the California date producers to move away from malathion dusting, but until recently there were no other alternatives for carob moth control.

The mimic pheromone used in monitoring lures also provided a viable non-toxic alternative of "carob moth" control.^[5] When the mimic pheromone is formulated into SPLAT,^[6][7] it can be used to control carob moth populations through "mating disruption" in date gardens, pomegranate and almond orchards. Extensive field trials with the mimic pheromone formulation SPLAT EC and its organic counterpart, SPLAT EC-Organic,^[8] have proven that effective season-long control of carob moth populations in date gardens is achieved after a single application of the pheromone mimic formulation. SPLAT EC or SPLAT EC-Organic are deployed as preventative measures to protect an area from carob moth infestation. The products do not "kill" carob moths, they control carob moth populations by disrupting their mating with the volatiles of the carob moth pheromone mimic emitted by SPLAT EC and SPLAT EC-O. Hence the timing of the product application is important to optimally target the carob moth mating season. Due to the flowable and amorphous characteristic of SPLAT EC and SPLAT EC-Organic, application can be done manually (using the caulking gun packaging), or mechanically using helicopters, tractors, metered backpack sprayers, aircraft, etc, allowing for significant lower application costs.

Synonyms

The species is also known under the following obsolete names:

• Apomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839)
• Euzophera zellerella Sorhagen, 1881
• Heterographis rivulalis Warren & Rothschild, 1905
• Hypsipyla psarella Hampson, 1903
• Laodamia durandi Lucas, 1950
• Myelois ceratoniae Zeller, 1839
• Myelois oporedestella Dyar, 1911
• Myelois phoenicis Durrant, 1915
• Phycis ceratoniella Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1839
• Phycita dentilinella Hampson, 1896
• Trachonitis pryerella Vaughan, 1870

Ectomyelois tuerckheimiella is a doubtfully distinct taxon; it may be a cryptic species or yet another synonym.

References

External links

• Insects of Hawaii. Volume 8, Pyraloidea
• Australian Insects