Echinocandin

Echinocandin B

Echinocandins are antifungal drugs that inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall, via noncompetitive inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase^[1][2] and are thus called penicillin of antifungals (a property shared with papulacandins) as penicillin has a similar mechanism against bacteria but not fungi. Beta glucans are carbohydrate polymers that are cross-linked with other fungal cell wall components (The bacterial equivalent is peptidoglycan).

Uses

It is used in candidiasis and aspergillosis.^[3]

They are fungicidal against some yeasts (most species of Candida, but not against Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Rhodotorula), fungistatic against some molds (Aspergillus, but not Fusarium and Rhizopus), and modestly or minimally active active against dimorphic fungi (Blastomyces and Histoplasma). These have some activity against the spores of the fungus Pneumocystis carinii.

History

The present-day clinically used echinocandins are semisynthetic pneumocandins, which are chemically lipopeptide in nature, consisting of large cyclic (hexa)peptides linked to a long-chain fatty acid. Discovery of echinocandins stemmed from studies on papulacandins isolated from a strain of Papularia sphaerosperma (Pers.), which were liposaccharide - i.e., fatty acid derivatives of a disaccharide that also blocked the same target, 1,3-β glucan synthase - and had action only on Candida spp. (narrow spectrum). Screening of natural products of fungal fermentation in the 1970s led to the discovery of echinocandins, a new group of antifungals with broad-range activity against Candida spp. One of the first echinocandins of the pneumocandin type, discovered in 1974, echinocandin B, could not be used clinically due to risk of high degree of hemolysis. Screening semisynthetic analogs of the echinocandins gave rise to cilofungin, the first echinofungin analog to enter clinical trials, in 1980, which, it is presumed, was later withdrawn for a toxicity due to the solvent system needed for systemic administration. The semisynthetic pneumocandin analogs of echinocandins were later found to have the same kind of antifungal activity, but low toxicity. The first approved of these newer echinocandins was caspofungin, and later micafungin and anidulafungin were also approved. All these preparations so far have low oral bioavailability, so must be given intravenously only. Echinocandins have now become one of the first line treatments for Candida before the species are identified, and even as antifungal prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients.

Advantages

Advantages of echinocandins:

• broad range (especially against all Candida), thus can be given empirically in febrile neutropenia and stem cell transplant
• can be used in case of azole-resistant Candida or use as a second line agent for refractory aspergillosis
• long half-life (polyphasic elimination: alpha phase 1–2 hours + beta phase 9–11 hours + gamma phase 40–50 hours)
• low toxicity: only histamine release (3%), fever (2.9%), nausea and vomiting (2.9%), and phlebitis at the injection site (2.9%), very rarely allergy and anaphylaxis
• not an inhibitor, inducer, or substrate of the cytochrome P450 system, or P-glycoprotein, thus minimal drug interactions
• lack of interference from renal failure and hemodialysis
• no dose adjustment is necessary based on age, gender, race
• better (or no less effective) than amphotericin B and fluconazole against yeast infections

Disadvantages

Disadvantages of echinocandins:

• embryotoxic^[4] (category C) thus cannot be used in pregnancy
• needs dose adjustment in liver disease
• poor ocular penetration in fungal endophthalmitis^[5]

Interference

Caspofungin has some interference with ciclosporin metabolism, and micafungin has some interference with sirolimus (rapamycin), but anidulafungin needs no dose adjustments when given with ciclosporin, tacrolimus, or voriconazole.^[6]

Examples

Anidulafungin

Caspofungin

List of echinocandins:

• pneumocandins (cyclic hexapeptides linked to a long-chain fatty acid):
  • Echinocandin B not clinically used, risk of hemolysis
  • Cilofungin withdrawn from trials due to solvent toxicity
  • Caspofungin (trade name Cancidas, Merck)
  • Micafungin (FK463) (trade name Mycamine, Astellas Pharma.)
  • Anidulafungin (VER-002, V-echinocandin, LY303366) (trade name Eraxis, Pfizer)

See also

• papulacandin B

References