East Frisian Islands

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East Frisian Islands
Native name: Ostfriesische Inseln
Geography
Location Wadden Sea
Total islands 12
Major islands Borkum, Norderney
Country
Germany
State  Lower Saxony
Districts Leer
Aurich
Wittmund
Friesland
Demographics
Ethnic groups Germans, Frisians

The East Frisian Islands (German: Ostfriesische Inseln) are a chain of islands in the North Sea, off the coast of East Frisia in Lower Saxony, Germany. The islands extend for some 90 kilometres (56 mi) from west to east between the mouths of the Ems and Jade / Weser rivers and lie about 3.5 to 10 km offshore. Between the islands and the mainland are extensive mudflats, known locally as Watten, which form part of the Wadden Sea. In front of the islands are Germany's territorial waters, which occupy a much larger area than the islands themselves. The islands, the surrounding mudflats and the territorial waters (The Küstenmeer vor den ostfriesischen Inseln nature reserve) form a close ecological relationship. The island group makes up about 5% of the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park.

The largest island by surface area is Borkum, located at the western end of the chain; the other six inhabited islands are from west to east: Juist, Norderney with the largest town in the islands, Baltrum, Langeoog, Spiekeroog and Wangerooge. There are also four other small, uninhabited islands: Lütje Hörn east of Borkum, Memmert and Kachelotplate southwest of Juist, Minsener Oog, a dredged island southeast of Wangerooge, and Mellum at the eastern end of the island chain which, following the boundary revision by the Federal Office for Nature Conservation, no longer belongs to the East Frisian Islands, but to the mudflats of the Elbe-Weser Triangle (Watten im Elbe-Weser-Dreieck).

Overview of the islands and sand flats

The chain of the East Frisian Islands off the coast of Lower Saxony

The following table contains basic information about the islands and sand flats (Sandplaten). The uninhabited and unparished sand flats are highlighted in yellow.

Coat of arms Island/Sand flat Municipality District Area
in km² (2004[1]/05[2])		 Distance to the mainland
in km (2004)[1]		 Population
as at: 31 December 2008		 Population density
per km²
Borkum Town of Borkum Leer 30.74[2] 10.5 5,186 169
Kachelotplate not municipalised no data uninhabited −
Lütje Hörn Island of Lütje Hörn¹ Leer 0.1[1] 12.5 uninhabited −
Memmert North Sea island of Memmert¹ Aurich 4.3[1] 13 uninhabited −
Juist Juist Aurich 16.43[2] 8 1,696 103
Norderney Town of Norderney Aurich 26.29[2] 3 5,810 221
Baltrum Baltrum Aurich 6.5[2] 4.5 488 75
Langeoog Langeoog Wittmund 19.67[2] 5 1,953 99
Spiekeroog Spiekeroog Wittmund 18.25[2] 6.5 781 43
Wangerooge Wangerooge Friesland 7.94[2] 6,5 923 116
Minsener Oog
artificially dredged 		Butjadingen² Wesermarsch 2.2[1] 3.5 uninhabited −
Mellum³ Butjadingen² Wesermarsch 4.9[1] 6 uninhabited −
East Frisian Islands 134.35[2] − 16,837 129
¹ unparished area
² former parish of Langwarden, which was incorporated in 1974 into Butjadingen (today the Gemarkung of Langwarden)
³ east of the outer Jade, after the boundary revision by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation no longer part of the East Frisian Islands, but belongs to the mudflats in the Elbe-Weser Triangle Watten im Elbe-Weser-Dreieck.[3]

Norderney is the remaining part of Buise, which was almost entirely engulfed by the sea in the 17th century. Lütje Hörn east of Borkum is in constant danger of being washed away. In 2003 the German Coastal Defence (NLWK) announced that the sandbank Kachelotplate can now be called an island too, because it is no longer regularly flooded by high tide. However, it is not larger than 2 km² and will remain unsettled. Kachelotplate is located north of the mouth of the Ems river.

Most of the islands do not allow cars. The exceptions are Borkum and Norderney, which are also the most crowded islands. There are no bridges connecting the mainland with the islands. Each island is accessible by ferry.

Borkum and Norderney, the Nazi labour camps on Alderney, were named after the islands.

The islands and the surrounding sea are part of the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park.

Effects of storms and currents

Even though today they are established islands, some of them continue to be in motion. On the East Frisian island of Juist for example, since the year 1650 there are five different proven sites for the church, as the spot for rebuilding the church had to keep pace with the ever-moving island. At times, Juist even consisted of two islands, which eventually grew back together. The neighboring island of Wangerooge in the last 300 years has moved a distance equivalent to its own length to the east, its church tower, destroyed at the outbreak of World War I apparently moving from east to west.[4]

In this process, land is slowly eroded on the western coasts, while sediments are deposited on the eastern coasts. As a result, western coasts are increasingly protected by human action. The canals between the islands serve as passages for the tides, so that in these places the scouring action of current prevents the islands gradually joining one to another.

In popular culture

A German invasion fleet masses in the Frisian Islands in the pre-World War I invasion thriller Riddle of the Sands.

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Rolf Niedringhaus, Volker Haeseler, Peter Janiesch (2008) (in German), Die Flora und Fauna der East Frisian Islands – Einführung in das Projekt „Biodiversität im Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer“, 11, Schriftenreihe Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "NLS-Online Tabelle Z0010001 Bodenfläche nach Art der geplanten Nutzung". Landesbetrieb für Statistik und Kommunikationstechnologie Niedersachsen (LSKN). 2005-01-01. Retrieved 2009-04-23. 
  3. ↑ "Watten im Elbe-Weser-Dreieck, Jadebusen". Bundesamt für Naturschutz. Retrieved 2009-12-02. 
  4. ↑ "Germany's High Seas Fleet in the World War". War Times Journal. Retrieved 2007-09-30. 
West Frisian Islands
Former islands
East Frisian Islands
Former islands
Heligoland Bight
North Frisian Islands
(Germany)
Former islands
Danish Wadden Sea Islands

Coordinates: 53°44′N 7°25′E / 53.733°N 7.417°E / 53.733; 7.417

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